Review Packet 2 EOC Review 2014 Answers

Biology EOC Review 2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement of materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions. Chemical Bonding. 31. What are chemical bonds? (Pages 38-39) What are the two major types? Bonds that keep atoms together. Ionic bonds are transferred electrons between metals and non-metals and Covalent bonds are shared electrons between nonmetals. 32. Describe the relationship between breaking and forming bonds and the release or use of energy. When a bond is broken, this releases energy. When bonds are formed, this uses energy. 33. What do the lines between chemical symbols represent? (Page 35) +/- attraction due to electrons. 34. Do all bonds have the same strength? Explain (Pages 38-39) No, hydrogen bonds are the weakest with ionic bonds next. Covalent bonds are the strongest types of bonds. 35. What are valence electrons and how are they involved in bonding? They are the outermost electrons and are only used in bonding. Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left. 36. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? They are too large to pass through the semi-permeable membrane. 37. How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell membrane? Allows some substances through while keeps other out. 38. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? Neither, Equal. 39. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? It is highest on the left. 40. In osmosis, water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (higher/lower) 41. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why? To the left, it is lower there. 42. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (higher/lower) 43. What is osmotic pressure? It is the balance between the intake and loss of water; prevents the cell from bursting. 44. Which way water will move in each of the following situations: a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. Water will move inside the cell (lower.) Water will move outside the cell (lower.) 45. What is homeostasis? Maintaining a balance of chemicals, fluids, etc inside of a living organism. 46. How do cells maintain homeostasis? They use the cell membrane (cell wall in plants) as well as stimulus/response, buffers, hormones, cell organelles, and internal (positive and negative) feedback loops 47. Comparison of active and passive transport PASSIVE TRANPORT Requires energy? NO Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? Examples ACTIVE TRANSPORT YES High to Low Low to High Osmosis Muscle pumps Biology EOC Review Energy use and release in biochemical reactions. 48. Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy. 49. How many phosphates? ATP? 3 ADP? 2 AMP? 1 50. What cellular process produces ATP? ATP synthesis by ATP synthetase in the mitochondria 51. What is ATP energy used for? (Page 202) Give examples. Making proteins, replicating DNA, cell responses, pumps working, muscle contraction, everything! 2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions. 52. What are the reactants and products for each of these? Process Reactant Photosynthesis Water, Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Cellular Respiration (Aerobic) Sugar & Oxygen (O2) Cellular Respiration (Anaerobic) Sugar (Chapter 9) Product Sugar & Oxygen (O2) Water, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 36 ATP Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 2ATP Example? Plants/Autotrophs/Producer s Humans/Heterotrophs/ Consumers Tired Muscles, yeast 53. Which reaction makes the most ATP? Aerobic Respiration (Makes up to 36 ATP) What gas is the final electron acceptor? Oxygen 54. How do factors such as pH, temperature, light and food availability affect these reactions? Extremes may decrease the effectiveness of this reaction. 55. Label the following molecules in these equations (water (H2O), glucose (C6H12O6) oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) A) B) C) 56. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis? 57. Which of the above reactions is fermentation (anaerobic cellular respiration)? 58. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 69. A C B Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy? All require some form of energy, A stores it. Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)? All release some form of energy, mostly B and C Which reaction releases the most energy? B because it uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Which reaction requires chlorophyll? A, chlorophyll traps light energy for photosynthesis. Which reaction requires light? A, light begins the light dependent reaction for photosynthesis. Which organisms carry out process A? Plants, Autotrophs and other Producers (Algae) Which organisms carry out process B? Most Animals, Heterotrophs and Consumers Which organisms carry out process C? Yeast and other anaerobic organisms. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? Process A only. (Plant Cells) Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? Processes A and B (Plant and Animal Cells) Compare and contrast: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation. (# ATP, where it occurs) Alcoholic Fermentation occurs in yeast and releases alcohol as a byproduct whereas lactic acid fermentation occurs in tired muscle cells deprived of oxygen resources. Both produce only 2 ATP. 2.04 Investigate & describe the structure & function of enzymes & explain their importance in biological systems. Biology EOC Review 70. What is the function of enzymes in cells? (Or, what is a catalyst?) (Pages 51-55) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy needed to begin the reaction. 71. Explain the importance of shape to enzyme function. “Work like locks and keys.” 72. Explain what determines the shape of an enzyme. It depends on the sequence of amino acids. 73. Explain why enzymes are specific. (That is, one enzyme per type of reaction.) Since they work like locks and keys only one enzyme can catalyze one type of substrate(s). 74. Explain why enzymes can be reused over and over again. Since enzymes are never used up by the reaction, they go out and search for the same type of substrate(s) to catalyze again. 75. How do extreme pH and temperature extremes affect enzymes? (What is denature?) Extreme temperature and/or pH can cause enzymes to denature and no longer function. Denature means that an enzyme literally falls apart (breaks down their bonds) and they cannot be put back together again unless made anew by a ribosome and a piece of mRNA specific for that particular enzyme. 76. Label the picture of the following enzymatic reaction: Substrate, Product(s), Enzyme-substrate complex, Enzyme Substrate is far left top, Products far right top, enzyme substrate complex is center, enzyme (blue) is same below. All (save for a few) enzymes end in what suffix? -ase What are some examples of enzymes? Lactase, Sucrase, Fructase, ATP synthetase 77. At what temperature is the best for this enzyme to work? About 40 C How can you tell? It is where the graph peaks for enzyme reaction (III) 78. At which numeral (I, II, III, or IV) does this particular start to denature? IV How can you tell? The enzyme begins to denature at the end of III where the graph falls and finally drops off (fully denatures) at IV. 79. Which enzyme (X or Y) would be used in acidic conditions? X How can you tell? Because the enzyme works best at pH below 7. Y has no peaks whatsoever in the 0-6 range. It works best in basic conditions. 80. What pH is the best for activity for X? 3-4 Y? 8-11 How can you tell? It is where the graph peaks for their activity. Biology EOC Review Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time. 30-35% 3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and translation), and gene regulation. 1. Below is a strand of DNA. (Chapter 12) DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what needs to be added to it to make it a double helix? Give the complementary nucleotide sequence. CTGGCT (reading left to right) 2. Describe the structure of DNA. What are the black pentagons? Deoxyribose sugars What weak bonds hold the complementary bases together? Hydrogen Bonds The nitrogen bases? ATGC 3. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? CUGGCU 4. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left) Leu - Ala 5. What is a codon? A 3 letter triplet code used by DNA, read by ribosomes to attach tRNA and amino acids to a growing protein chain. 6. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table. Sugars Bases Strands Where In Cell Function RNA Ribose AUGC 1 strand Inside and Outside of the nucleus Sends a gene message to be translated. DNA Deoxyribose ATGC 2 strands Inside the nucleus only Storage center for all genetic material. 7. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? Peptide bonds 8. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? 1) mRNA – The message sent from the DNA to code for a particular protein. Biology EOC Review 2) tRNA – the transfer molecules that carry specific amino acids to be attached by ribosomes. 3) rRNA – the chemical makeup of Ribosomes. 9. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? Hydrogen Bonds 10. Why is it important that these bonds be weak? They need to be weak in order for DNA to make a copy (replication) of itself when a cell divides (mitosis). 11. Describe the process of DNA replication. (Pages 297-299) What enzyme breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between bases? DNA Helicase breaks the (hydrogen bonds) strands apart and polymerase adds bases to the growing strand. How many pieces of DNA are made? 2 What does semi-conservative mean? Half old strand; half new strand. 12. Describe the process of protein synthesis: What is transcription? The process by which DNA makes a copy of a particular gene to be transcribed into mRNA and sent out to the cytoplasm to be read by the ribosomes. 13. What is translation? The process by which mRNA is read by a ribosome which matches mRNA codons to corresponding anticodons on tRNA (and their amino acids) to create a amino acid chain that will become a future protein. 14. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? A particular base on a codon will not be correct, such as ACG will be ACT. 15. How does this affect the mRNA? When the mRNA is transcribed it will carry that mutation, Such as ACT will be UGA instead of UGC. 16. How can this affect translation? Depending that the mutation does not cause the wrong amino acid to be paired, it may cause no problem at all. If it does cause the wrong amino acid pair then the protein can suffer from partial function to no function at all. 17. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? The wrong amino acid sequence affects the shape and structure and hence the function of the protein.