University:
Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools
Course:
AP Biology
Academic year:

2014
Views:

412

Pages:

42
Author:

Libriorflk

Sensation and Perception Worksheet Solutions Learning Goals What is the difference between sensation and perception? Sensation is the process of receiving information from the environment. Perception is the process of organizing this information and making it meaningful. Sensation Refers to how our sense receptors and nervous system physically represent our external environment (bottom-up). Perception How we mentally organize and interpret this information (top-down). Learning Goals What is meant by the term adaptation? Adaption refers to the process of ignoring unimportant sensory information. It allows us to deal with environments containing large amounts of sensory inputs, such as different background noises, while still focusing on significant ones. The gradual loss of attention to unneeded or unwanted sensory information Examples? Learning Goals What is white light? White light is light as it originates from the sun or a light bulb*. What is color? White light bounces off at different speeds which results in the perception of color. What do we call light outside the visible spectrum? Ultraviolet or infrared Vision Dominant sense Light Light originates from the sun or a light source as white light What we interpret as color is simply different light wavelengths We only see a small slice of the whole spectrum of electromagnetic rays Wavelength determines color (or hue) Intensity determines brightness of a color Vision Vision Vision Cornea The clear outer covering of the eye, behind which there is fluid Iris Colored circular muscle that opens and closes Forms larger and smaller circles to control the amount of light getting into the eye Have you ever walked out of a dark theater? Vision Lens Focuses the objects you see on to the back of the eye, where there are receptors If the lens isn’t shaped correctly, objects will blur Eyeglasses change the angle as which the light hits the lens, so they land properly on the receptors Vision Pupil An opening that changes size as the iris muscles move to cover and uncover the lens Controlled by psychological factors • Gets smaller if we’re disgusted • Gets larger if we see something we really like, or if there is strong emotional arousal of any kind Vision Retina When light entering the eye hits the back of the eyeball, it hits the retina Contains millions of receptors for light Blind spot- where the optic nerve connects to the eye. (no receptors are located there) Vision What is the difference between Rods and Cones? The retina is made of two types of receptors • Rod- shaped like a rod sensitive to violet-purple range of wavelengths, but we only “see” black and white with them We use these for night vision • Cone- shaped like a cone Used for color and daylight vision Shut off at night Respond best to wavelengths in the red range Located towards the center of a retina Vision When light is dim, why is it best to look slightly away from an object? At night we rely on the rods in our eyes. These are located on the sides of the retina. What are the three colors that make up vision? Red, Blue, Green Vision Color Vision All colors we see are red, blue, and green, or a mixture of the three. Color Blindness The inability to perceive certain colors, such as red or green. Color What does it mean to be completely color blind? You respond to light only with the rods in your eyes. How is this different from the form of color blindness that is most common? Most color blind people see only the yellow-blue range. They cannot see red or green Most color blind people are men, but there are color blind women also. Afterimages When we stare at something, chemicals in the cones are used. When we look away, unused chemicals are released in order to balance the system. This causes us to “see” an after image. Hearing Another name for hearing is “audition”. We hear sound waves, much like we see light waves. Sounds vary in pitch, how high or low a sound is Timbre refers to the complexity of a tone Sounds vary in intensity, it is the loudness of a sound (how loud they are) Decibels is a unit of measurement. • The intensity of a sound (its loudness) is measured in decibels. Hearing Intensity is measured in decibels Hearing Eardrum Piece of skin stretched tightly over the entrance to the rest of the ear. It vibrates and causes a small bone in the ear to vibrate. Cochlea Snail-shaped part of the ear filled with fluid and small hairs that vibrate to incoming sound. Hearing Hair cells (cilia) Contain hair like extensions called cilia that are tuned to receive different frequencies. Auditory Nerve Carries the information about sound to the brain. Which part of the brain? Touch Our skin contains three types of cutaneous, or touch, receptors Pressure Changes in temperature Injury or poison Smell Smell is also called olfaction Cilia are hairs that collect odor molecules Olfactory bulbs communicate information about odor molecules to the brain. Pheromones Animals use smell to communicate sexual interest. They send out odor chemicals called Pheromones Perfume and cologne companies try to imitate this effect in humans. Axe Anarchy Taste We have four types of taste receptors Salty, sour, sweet, bitter Babies do not crave salt The craving for salt increases gradually with age then tapers off. Perceptual Constants Size objects are perceived as remaining the same size regardless of distance. Color and Brightness Objects are perceived as remaining the same color and brightness regardless of lighting Space The ability to keep objects in the environment steady Size Color and Brightness Space Visual cliff Humans have depth perception It occurs very early in life (before your first birthday) EXPERIMENT Retinal Disparity & Visual Texture How do they help in depth perception? Each eye sends a slightly different message to the brain This disparity helps us perceive depth Rough objects will seems near Smooth object will seem farther away Gestalt Psychology Tend to perceive the world in wholes Gestalt means whole, shape, or form. Similarity We group like things One of these things is not like the other Closure We have fill in the details to complete a picture I don’t have a problem with closure… Proximity We group things that are near How many times do the players wearing WHITE pass the ball? What is an illusion? Caused by an inaccurate perception Muller-Lyer illusion One line is perceived as being farther away so we mentally stretch it. This make it appear longer. Reversible Figure One object is interpreted in an alternate manner Subliminal Perception Occurs below mental awareness What is your Psychological IQ? 1. The words sensation and perception mean the same thing. FALSE – gathering and processing information 2. Only men are color blind. FALSE – men do outnumber women 3. Generally speaking, people are able to block out background noise, focusing on only those sounds that are important to them. TRUE – this is adaptation What is your Psychological IQ? 4. Scientists have been able to prove the existence of mental telepathy by conducting carefully controlled experiments. FALSE 5. People who have sight in only one eye have no depth perception. FALSE – there are other clues that compensate 6. To a large extent, what we see is influenced by what we expect to see. TRUE – optical illusions What is your Psychological IQ? 7. People’s pupils frequently enlarge when they see something that pleases them. TRUE 8. Children do not have depth perception until about the age of three or four. FALSE – visual cliff experiment 9. Our tongues have only four different types of taste buds. TRUE – sweet, sour, salt, bitter 10. The sense of touch is our most animal-like sense. FALSE – it is the sense of smell EYE B= iris C= pupil D= cornea E= lens F= retina G= optic nerve EAR A= bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) B= semicircular canals C= auditory nerve D= cochlea E= eustachian tube F= eardrum G= auditory canal