Genetics Test 2 Study Guide KEY

Genetics Test 2 Study Guide KEY 1) A strand of DNA has these bases: AGC CAT GTA TAC What is the complementary DNA strand? TCG GTA CAT ATG 2) Which kind of reproduction produces the most variation within a species? SEXUAL 3) Which biotechnology technique would most likely be used by forensic scientists? DNA FINGERPRINTING 4) Give a reason scientists produce transgenic organisms? PRODUCING HUMAN INSULIN, GROWTH HORMONE, AND OTHER HORMONES 5) A segment of DNA has this sequence: ATA GCA CAT GTA What is the mRNA sequence transcribed from this segment? UAU CGU GUA CAU 6) List the steps in producing transgenic bacteria? ● RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS BACTERIA’S DNA (PLASMID) ● RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS OTHER ORGANISM’S DNA ● DNA FROM OTHER ORGANISM IS INSERTED INTO BACTERIA’S DNA (INSERTED WHERE BACTERIA’S DNA WAS CUT) 7) Would any of the following produce a mutation that is passed on to offspring? (write yes or no beside the statements) a) radiation changing the DNA sequence in skin cells NO b) a gamete with an extra chromosome forming YES c) tobacco smoke altering the genes in lung cells NO d) exposure to chemicals altering nerve cell function NO 8) What is the result when a single cell reproduces by mitosis? (how many cells and if the genetic info is identical to or different from the parent) 2 IDENTICAL CELLS 9) How would overexposure to X-rays affect most animal cells? RADIATION CHANGES (MUTATES) THE DNA SEQUENCE 10) How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different? SEXUAL: OFFSPRING DIFFERENT FROM PARENTS ASEXUAL: OFFSPRING IDENTICAL TO PARENTS 11) Two people believe they are related. What would be the best technique to determine if they are related? COMPARE DNA (DNA FINGERPRINTING) 12) Sexual reproduction provides for what to occur? GENETIC VARIATION 13) Most sex-linked, recessive traits–including hemophilia and color blindness–appear in males. Explain why. MOST SEX-LINKED TRAITS ARE CARRIED ON THE X CHROMOSOME AND MALES DO NOT HAVE ANOTHER X TO MASK THE BAD X 14) Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant trait. What are the chances that a child will develop Huntington’s disease if one parent is heterozygous and the other is normal? Hh hh h H Hh h Hh h hh hh 50% chance kids will have Huntington’s 15) Some flowers show incomplete dominance. If RR = white and R’R’ = red, which phenotypic ratio would be expected in the offspring of two pink flowers? R’ R’ R’R’ R R’R R R’R RR 1 RED : 2 PINK : 1 WHITE 16) A couple has five children, all with blood type A. The mother’s blood type is O, and the father’s blood type is A. Based on this information, which describes the most probable genotype of the father? IAIA (HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT) BECAUSE ALL THE KIDS ARE TYPE A (IF THE DAD IS IAi, 50% OF THE KIDS WOULD BE TYPE O) 17) A karyotype of a human female shows that she has only one sex chromosome. What genotype would represent her genetic condition? XO 18) A plant nursery only grew one type of tomato plant. All of their tomato plants died from the same disease. Explain why this would happen. THERE WAS NOT ENOUGH GENETIC VARIATION IN THE PLANTS 19) What are the possible phenotypes of the children of each couple below: a) one parent with type AB blood, and the other parent with type A blood A I IB IA IAIA IAIB IA IAIA IAIB IA i IA IAIA IAi IB IAIB IBi b) one parent with type AB blood, and the other parent with type O blood i i IA IAi IAi IB IBi IBi c) one parent with heterozygous type A blood, and the other parent with type O blood i i IA IAi IAi i ii ii d) one parent with homozygous type A blood, and the other parent with homozygous type B blood A I IA IB IAIB IAIB IB IAIB IAIB 20) One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria? aa x AA a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa 21) Hitchhiker’s thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker’s thumb (h). A woman who does not have hitchhiker’s thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker’s thumb. What is the probable genotypic ratio of their children? hh x Hh h H Hh h Hh h hh hh 50% have hitchhikers’ thumb, 50% do not 22) What is a use of genetically engineered bacteria? TREAT CERTAIN TYPES OF DISEASES (EX: PRODUCING INSULIN FOR DIABETICS) 23) What kind of genetic abnormality can be identified through karyotyping? EXTRA OR MISSING CHROMOSOME 24) How many chromosomes are contained in a human male gamete cell? 23 25) The observed trait that appears in an organism as a result of its genetic makeup is called the organism’s _PHENOTYPE__. 26) The genetic disorder trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is caused by what genetic event? NONDISJUNCTION 27) The gene for red/green colorblindness in humans is recessive and primarily affects males. It must be located on which chromosome? X 28) What is the diploid chromosome number in a human body cell? 46 29) The Clydesdale is a large breed of horse that was used for specific farming purposes, such as plowing and pulling wagons. The biggest and most muscular male horses were crossed with the biggest and most muscular females to produce the strongest offspring possible. This is an example of SELECTIVE BREEDING 30) A person can have either straight or bent pinky fingers. A woman who is homozygous for bent pinky fingers has children with a man who has straight pinky fingers. All of their children have bent pinky fingers. The trait for bent pinky fingers is an example of a trait that is DOMINANT 31) Type AB blood is an example of what kind of dominance? CODOMINANCE 32) A plant with red flowers is crossed with a plant that has white flowers. The offspring all have pink flowers. This is an example of what type of dominance? INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE 33) Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease that affects the respiratory and digestive systems. Cystic fibrosis occurs when two recessive genes (cc) are present. A person with one allele for cystic fibrosis is called a carrier (Cc) of the disease. If the mother is a carrier of the disease and the father is homozygous dominant, what are the chances that their child will be a carrier of cystic fibrosis? C c 50% CHILD WILL BE A CARRIER C C CC CC Cc Cc 34) The genetic make up of an organism (ex: Aa) is the organism's GENOTYPE. 35) RESTRICTION ENZYMES act like scissors by cutting DNA at a certain point. 36) STEM CELLS are cells that can be very useful in studying genetics and genetic engineering because they are not yet specialized. 37) Most sex-linked traits or disorders are carried on the X chromosome. 38) The diagram that shows how traits are passed down generations of a family is called a PEDIGREE. 39) TRANSGENIC organisms are produced when DNA of one organism is inserted into a different organism. 40) Gel electrophoresis is used to make an organism’s DNA FINGERPRINT 41) What is the technique used to produce the DNA fingerprint below? GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 42) Who committed the crime? SUSPECT 2 43) The diagram below represents DNA fingerprints which are the result of gel electrophoresis done on several DNA samples found at a crime scene. Which suspect is linked to the crime scene by this DNA analysis? SUSUSPECT B 44) What is the amino acid sequence can be coded from the DNA sequence CAG TAG CGA? 45) This diagram shows a pedigree for a recessive genetic disorder. Write the genotypes for each individual on the pedigree below. rr Rr rr Rr Rr rr Rr rr Rr Rr rr 46) What kind of trait is shown in the pedigree below? (Autosomal or sex-linked? Dominant or recessive?) SEX LINKED RECESSIVE 47) In which section of DNA below is there a mutation? 48) Which organism is most closely related to Organism 1? ORGANISM 4 (BANDS ARE MOST SIMILAR TO 1) 49) A hospital wants to identify the parents of a baby. Based on the DNA fingerprints, which couple is most likely the parents of the baby? BABY BELONGS TO COUPLE X 50) Write the correct order of mitosis and meiosis and sketch a picture for each phase Name the karyotypes below: NORMAL MALE DOWN SYNDROME MALE (TRISOMY 21 MALE) NORMAL FEMALE TURNER SYNDROME FEMALE KLINEFELTER SYNDROME MALE