3/8/12
First
fall
of
Marius
• A3er
6
consulships,
Marius
has
lost
all
influence.
Slinks
off
to
the
East.
• Who
was
Marius?
– RusEc
warrior
or
unprincipled
poliEcian
or
both?
• No
poliEcal
program;
just
acceptance
&
glory
• Marius’
great
legacy:
Professional
army
– But
landless,
prof.
army
now
thrust
into
poliEcs
Social
war
(socii)
91-‐88
•
•
•
•
•
•
Violence
begins
at
Asculum
100,000
men
(trained
by
Rome)
Italian
confederate
government
at
Corfinium
90
Lex
Iulia,
Julian
law
89
Lex
Plau0a
Papiria
From
social
to
civil
war
The
Allies
• 95:
new
court
to
invesEgate
aliens
claiming
ciEzenship
• 91:
Tribune
M.
Livius
Drusus
tries
to
pass
bill:
– Promises
Colonies
– Subsidized
grain
– Gives
jury
back
to
senators:
equites
upset
– CiEzenship
to
allies
• Drusus
is
murdered:
plebs,
equites,
&
senators
all
agree:
NO
ciEzenship
to
Italian
allies
• Scipio
Aemilianus,
C.
Gracchus,
Saturninus…
Civil
war:
Gaius
Marius
&
Lucius
Cornelius
Sulla
(Felix)
-‐A
new
man,
but
6
consulships
so
far
-‐20
yrs
younger
than
Marius
-‐Noble
(but
dishonored)
fam.
-‐Marches
army
against
Rome
in
88
and
AGAIN
in
82
1
3/8/12
Sulla,
Marius,
and
the
Senate:
phase
1
• Gerrymandering:
limit
allies
to
8
of
35
tribes
–
less
voEng
power
• 88
P.
Sulpicius
Rufus
(another
reforming
trib.)
– Proposes
bill
to
distribute
allies
equally
throughout
35
tribes
-‐-‐
AND
challenges
Senate’s
choice
of
Sulla
(rather
than
Marius)
to
command
war
in
East
vs.
Mithridates
of
Pontus
Sulla,
Marius,
and
Senate:
Phase
2
• Senate
&
Sulla
(cos.88)
vs.
Sulpicius
Rufus
&
Marius
– Sulla
orders
suspension
of
business
– Rufus
brings
mob
of
3,000
&
his
“anE-‐senate”
• Brawls
+
deaths
(Sulla
chased
out)
• Marius’
officials
&
Sulla
race
each
other
to
reach
6
legions
awaiEng
a
general.
Sulla
arrives
first.
• Marius’
officials
stoned
by
Sulla’s
army
• March
on
Rome!!
and
bloodbath
Cinna
and
Marius
• Sulpicius
Rufus
killed,
Marius
escapes
to
Africa
• Sulla
off
to
East
vs.
Mithridates
• 87
Cinna
consul:
reintroduces
Sulp.
Rufus’
bill
including
allies
in
all
35
tribes
• Brawl
in
forum
>
Consul
Cinna
outlawed
(?!)
• Cinna
&
Marius
(both
outlaws)
make
alliance
2
3/8/12
Another
bloodbath
• Together,
they
besiege
Rome:
Rome
surrenders
(sEll
87
BC)
• Declare
themselves
consuls
for
86
(no
elecEons)
• Another
bloodbath:
slaughter
enemies
in
public…
• Marius
falls
ill
&
dies–
hated
by
all
(70
yrs.
old)
• Cinna
and
Carbo
consuls
for
85
and
84
• Allies
FINALLY
enrolled
in
35
tribes
• WaiEng
for
Sulla…
(who
is
busy
dominaEng
Asia
and
Greece,
incl.
laying
siege
to
Athens!)
83
BC:
Sulla’s
return
to
Italy
• Consul
Cinna’s
troops
muEny
and
kill
him
• Other
consul
Carbo
has
100,000
men
• Sulla
joined
by
sev.
nobles,
including
Crassus
&
Pompey
(23
yrs.
old)
• Sulla
wins
1st
full-‐scale
civil
war:
– 82
decisive
victory:
Baqle
of
Colline
Gate
• Another
bloodbath
ProscripEons
(over
2,000
equites
&
100
senators)
81
BC:
Sulla
names
himself
Dictator
•
From
“proscribo”:
announce
in
wriEng
– Lists
posted
for
legalized
murder,
with
reward
– property
confiscated
and
aucEoned
by
Sulla
– descendants
black-‐listed
• WHY?
– Terror,
removal
of
opposiEon,
cash,
land,
and
10,000
freedmen
clients
(Cornelii)
– 10
colonies
for
120,000
veterans
– Sulla
sees
himself
as
surgeon
• 1st
Eme
self-‐proclaimed
dictator
&
w/out
specified
term!
• Sulla
has:
120,000
veterans,
no
opposiEon,
10,000
body
guard
of
freedmen,
dictatorship
• Reforms:
aim
to
restore
consDtuDon
&
power
of
senate
– Adds
to
Senate
&
gives
senate
right
to
review
all
bills
– Cripples
Tribunate:
no
veto
&
barred
from
cursus
honorum
– Limits
powers
and
terms
of
provincial
governors
– Revises
court
system:
7
courts
(quaes0ones)
and
only
senators
in
juries
again
– No
more
grain
subsidy
• Sulla
abdicates
dictatorship
in
79
and
dies
in
78
3
3/8/12
Lingering
quesEon…
did
it
work?
Crassus,
Pompey,
Caesar….
4
Rise of Sulla
of 4
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