Bioremediation Technology

1. Bioreactor Journal 1 Title : Utilization of Indigenus Bacteria in the Reduction of Cu Heavy Metals in Liquid Waste Etching Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Process Principle: The bioreactor process carried out in the study is the manufacture of activated sludge bioreactors containing wastewater and rice paddy soil containing microbial masses. Then it is added with aeration which aims to increase oxygen intake for bacteria during the seven days of the degradation process. Then a 10% sugar and 10% urea solution is given to the bioreactor to increase the nutrient content needed by bacteria in carrying out degradation activities. On the 7th day, flocs will form that stick to the bioreactor which will later be used to isolate indigenus bacteria in the bioreactor. Several stages in this study are liquid waste sampling, making an activated sludge bioreactor with 4 treatments, namely the addition of waste with Cu concentrations of 50 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 350 ppm, the characterization of waste samples including the measurement of COD, BOD, pH, TSS, and Cu metal concentrations on days 0 and 7, the characterization of bacterial isolate in activated sludge and data analysis using SPSS version 15 followed by the DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) testwith a confidence level of 95%. Characterization of bacterial isolates includes observation of bacterial colony morphology, Gram painting, motility test, catalase test, biochemical property test, then the test results are matched with Bergey's Manual of Determinnattive Bacteriology 7th edition. Advantages and disadvantages: In bioremediation using indigenous bacteria to reduce the content of heavy metals copper (Cu) in liquid waste, the PCB etching process has several advantages, such as safe and environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable. Bioremediation uses natural microbes that minimize environmental impact. Bioremediation can also be a cheaper solution compared to conventional methods. The main advantage of bioremediation is its sustainable nature, as it breaks down contaminants permanently and does not just move them elsewhere. Bioremediation using indigenous bacteria also has some drawbacks, such as the slow process and taking a long time to achieve results. In addition, not all bacteria can degrade all contaminants, so a match between bacteria and pollutants is required. Environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrients can also affect the effectiveness of bioremediation. Monitoring of the bioremediation process is also necessary for make sure it works well. Resul ts: Based on 4 bioreactor treatments, namely the addition of liquid waste etching PCB with Cu concentrations of 50 ppm (A), 150 ppm (B), 250 ppm (C), and 350 ppm (D) were reduced significant in the heavy metal Cu within 7 days. The effectiveness of Cu heavy metal reduction in treatment A was 93.18%, treatment B was 81.94%, treatment C was 18.09%, and treatment D was 31.57%. In addition, liquid waste treatment using an activated sludge bioreactor system can increase pH, reduce BOD, COD, and TSS levels in PCB etching liquid waste. Factors affecting the process: Factors that affect the degradation of heavy metals Cu in liquid waste from the etching process of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) include pH. At low pH, the surface of microbial cells becomes more positively charged, reducing the attraction between metal ions and functional groups on the cell wall, so that the process of heavy metal biosorbation is not optimal, in addition, low pH can also cause inhibition of the growth rate of aerobic bacteria so that the biosorbation of heavy metals decreases. Based on the results of the research, bioreactors from activated sludge are added aeration, 10% sugar solution, 10% urea solution, and nutrients. Aerobic bacteria effectively work in the pH range of 6-8. The addition of aeration over a long period of time can increase the pH of the wastewater. Another factor is the provision of nutrients to bacteria, such as the addition of sugar and urea solutions to activated sludge can increase the pH value. Another factor that affects the process of Cu metal degradation in PCB etching is the type of microbes used. In the PCB etching waste treatment process, it is indicated that there are bacteria that play a role in reducing Cu levels in waste. Bacteria commonly used to perform heavy metal bioremediation are Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Citrobacter, Streptococcus, Zooglea, Azotobacter, Enterobacter, Nitrobacter, Zooglea, Corynebacterium, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium and Micrococcus. These bacteria have the ability to biosorbify heavy metal Cu passively uptake and active uptake. In addition to the biosorbation mechanism, bacterial resistance to Cu heavy metals can be affected by the presence of heavy metal resistance genes in plasmids, chromosomes and transposons. The gene that encodes the presence of bacterial resistance to Cu metal is a copoperon that can reduce Cu2+ to Cu+ which is harmless to cells. 2. Bioreactor Journal 2 Title : Utilization of Bacillus cereus Bacteria in the Bioremediation Process of Contaminated Soil Petroleum with Slurry Bioreactor Method Principle: The bioreactor process carried out in the study is with a Bioslurry Reactor. The process is carried out by mixing soil contaminated with petroleum with water (aquades) using a ratio of 1:9 and then measuring pH and slurry density. The reactors used are four pieces with one reactor as a blank. The reactor used is in the form of a cylindrical drum with a volume of 4 liters. The four reactors are equipped with stirring motor and aeration system (aerator and sparger) for bioremediation process with bioslurry system. In the bioremediation process, slurry containing a mixture of soil and water with a ratio of 1:9 is fed into a bioslurry reactor. Then as many as (5%, 10%, 15%) (v/v) starters were put into three reactors other than the blank reactor and the initial TPH was analyzed. Stirring 100 rpm at room temperature and aeration in each bioreactor. As for the blank reactor containing soil contaminated with petroleum without treatment. Periodically, temperature, pH, DO, MLSS and MLVSS measurements are carried out in accordance with the measurement time provisions as mentioned above. Advantages and disadvantages: Bioremediation with Bacillus cereus has the potential to clean up soil contaminated with petroleum. On the merits, Bacillus cereus is easy to find, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and effective in degrading TPH and BTEX. In this study, Bacillus cereus was able to reduce the concentration of TPH by 69.39% - 86% and BTEX up to 96% - 98% in 7 weeks. However, bioremediation with Bacillus cereus also has some drawbacks. The process is relatively slow and does not achieve total degradation of TPH. The factors that affect bioremediation are also difficult to control and predict, so the results of bioremediation can be inconsistent. Special expertise is required to design and implement bioremediation with Bacillus cereus effectively. Result : Based on 4 bioreactor treatments, namely the addition of Bacillus cereus starter (v/v) as much as 5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% (D), while bioreactor A is used as a blank without the addition of a starter. The decrease in TPH value occurred in each reactor for 7 weeks, both with and without the addition of bacteria. The best decrease in TPH occurred in bioreactor C with the addition of 10% bacteria (v/v) with a final TPH of 7000 μg/g, with a percent biodegradation of 86%. Factors affecting the process: Influencing factors in the journal include the use of Bacillus cereus bacteria in the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. These bacteria are able to break down BTEX compounds in petroleum-contaminated soil to be used as an energy source, reducing environmental pollution. In addition, the increase in the concentration of Bacillus cereus bacteria in the bioreactor also affects the ability of bacteria to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. 3. Bioreactor Journal 3 Title : Domestic Wastewater Treatment with Biofilm Bioreactor Hybrid Technology Phytoremediation Principle: • Wastewater Sample Collection: The first stage involves collecting domestic wastewater samples from the source, which is one of the drainage channels in Semarang City. • Preparation of Biofilter Media and Phytoremediation Plants: Biofilter media in the form of PVC wasp nests is prepared and installed in the biofilm reactor. In addition, the plant Duckweed prepared and planted in a phytoremediation reactor after going through the culture process. • Reactor Operation: Domestic wastewater flows through the biofilm reactor and phytoremediation alternately. In a biofilm reactor, the pollutants in the wastewater interact with the biofilm layer formed in the PVC media, where microorganisms degrade organic pollutants. In phytoremediation reactors, duckweed plants absorb pollutants such as nutrients and heavy metals through their roots and leaves. • Monitoring and Measurement: During the treatment process, monitoring and measurement of wastewater quality parameters such as COD, BOD, TSS, and ammonia are carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. • Result Analysis: After the processing process is completed, an analysis of the measurement results is carried out to determine the efficiency of pollutant reduction by the system Hybrid bioreactor. • Adjustments and Optimizations: The results of the analysis are used to make adjustments and optimizations to the operation of the system, both in terms of technical and operational parameters, in order to achieve the desired results. Advantages and disadvantages: Phytoremediation and biofilm technologies are quite effective in reducing pollution in domestic wastewater. By utilizing plants and microbial biofilms, this technology is able to remove pollutants from wastewater. Through phytoremediation and biofilm processes, various pollutants such as heavy metals and organic compounds can be absorbed and decomposed, resulting in cleaner and safer water for the environment. However, there are several drawbacks that need to be considered in the application of this technology. One of them is processing efficiency which can be affected by various environmental factors such as climatic conditions, nutrient availability, and the presence of certain microorganisms. In addition, the design of the bioreactor also affects the process, such as the square shape and glass material which makes it easier to observe the pollutant decomposition process. Not only that, the complex characteristics of domestic wastewater, including the mixture of different types of pollutants, can also affect the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment process. Result : The results of this study show that the results of the domestic wastewater characteristics test show pollutant parameters have decreased, but still exceed the quality standards set by the government, namely Regional Regulation Number 5 of 2012 concerning Amendments to Regional Regulation Number 10 of 2004 concerning Liquid Waste Quality Standards. From these results, the parameters that meet are temperature, pH, and COD, while the parameters that still exceed the quality standards are BOD5, TSS, and ammonia. Factors affecting the process: The process of phytoremediation and biofilm is influenced by a wide variety of factors. One of the main factors is the type of plant used in the phytoremediation system. For example, duckweed plants are known to be effective in absorbing pollutants in wastewater. This plant has an amazing ability to absorb pollutants such as heavy metals and organic compounds, thus helping in cleaning up wastewater. In addition, the design of the bioreactor is also an important factor in the phytoremediation and biofilm process. The design of the bioreactor, such as the square shape and the use of glass materials, can affect the efficiency of the pollutant decomposition process. The design that facilitates process observation, e.g. with the transparency of the glass material, allows for better monitoring of the system's effectiveness in removing contaminants from wastewater. Not only that, the concentration of parameters such as BOD, COD, TSS, and ammonia greatly affects the effectiveness of the waste treatment process. The levels of these substances in wastewater affect the performance of plants and microorganisms in treating pollutants. 4. Bioreactor Journal 4 Title : Disolved Oxygen Performance In Degradation Of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons By Ex Site Activated Sludge Principl e: The importance of dissolved oxygen in the process of total degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) using aerobic activated sludge. The study emphasizes that the presence of oxygen is essential for aerobic microorganisms involved in TPH degradation. This principle shows that sufficient oxygen availability is a key factor in ensuring the effectiveness of the TPH degradation process using activated sludge. Advantages and disadvantages: The advantages of the method used in the study include the ability of activated sludge to provide good performance throughout the remediation period. In addition, the use of activated sludge in the bioreactor slurry is able to improve the performance of dissolved oxygen, which has a positive impact on the degradation rate of TPH. However, the disadvantages of the method These include the need for optimal oxygen supply to achieve efficient degradation. In addition, special attention is needed to factors such as activated concentration sludge and dissolved oxygen levels to ensure the effectiveness of the degradation process. Result : The results of the study showed a significant improvement in oxygen performance dissolved in the bioreactor slurry at 15 % and 20% activated sludge concentrations, resulting in a significant decrease in TPH degradation. In addition, this study highlights the importance of effective treatment methods for oil pollution to reduce ecological and health risks, by emphasizing the role of activated sludge in aerobic degradation of TPH and evaluating the performance of dissolved oxygen in this process. Thus, the study shows that the use of activated sludge and optimal dissolved oxygen regulation can provide significant results in TPH remediation in petroleumcontaminated soils. Factors affecting the process: Some of the factors influencing the results of the study include the concentration of activated sludge used in the bioremediation process, the level of dissolved oxygen required to support the degradation of TPH effectively, and the operating temperature and pH in the bioreactor affecting the activity of microorganisms in the degradation process. In addition, factors such as the duration of the bioremediation process, stirring intensity, and aeration also play a role in determining the efficiency and results of the study. The principles behind the use of dissolved oxygen in the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) using activated sludge involve optimizing the oxygen supply to promote the growth of microorganisms responsible for TPH degradation. The performance of dissolved oxygen plays an important role in the degradation process, as it directly affects the degradation rate of TPH. Adequate oxygen supply is important for aerobic biological processes to ensure the optimal function of activated sludge in degrading petroleum-contaminated sites. Activated sludge offers advantages such as good performance throughout the remediation period. Activated sludge optimizes the growth of microorganisms for TPH degradation. However, challenges include the need for an optimal oxygen supply for efficient degradation. The study found that the performance of dissolved oxygen was significantly improved in the bioreactor slurry at the concentration of activated sludge 15% and 20%, resulting in a significant decrease in TPH degradation. This study focuses on the importance of effective treatment methods for oil pollution to reduce ecological and health risks, emphasizes the role of activated sludge in the aerobic degradation of TPH and evaluates the performance of dissolved oxygen in this process. Factors influencing the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) using activated sludge include activated sludge concentration, dissolved oxygen level, and duration of remediation period. Oxygen supply is important to optimize the growth of microorganisms in degrading TPH, as it acts as an electron acceptor in the oxidation process. In addition, sludge reactivity and sufficient oxygen supply contribute to the effective degradation of TPH during the remediation process. 5. Composting Journal 1 Title : Bioremediation of Pesticide Contaminated Land by Composting in Apple Plantations Stone Principl e: The underlying principles of this study are to measure the rate of pesticide degradation in C/N ratio treatment during the bioremediation process of composting pesticide-contaminated land. The main objective is to determine the growth of the number of microorganism colonies in the C/N ratio treatment during the bioremediation process of composting pesticide-contaminated land. The analysis of pesticide residues was carried out by the shaker method and injected into Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Meanwhile, the calculation of microorganism colonies uses the microorganism isolation technique by the pour/scratch dish method and the calculation by the dilution method. Test parameters include temperature, pH, C-organic, N-total, C/N ratio, moisture content, and soil texture. C/N analysis and moisture content of composting materials such as cow manure, organic vegetables, and sawdust using special software. During the 28 days of the composting process, daily temperatures are measured, and soil quality is analyzed on a weekly basis. The composting reactor has dimensions of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 meters, made of wood with a distance of 1-2 cm each sheet for oxygen flow. Advantages and disadvantages: The advantage of bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated land through composting in stone apple plantations is its high effectiveness. This process is able to reduce pesticide residues by up to 99% in treatment with a C/N ratio of 30, showing a significant level of effectiveness in clearing land from pesticides. In addition, treatment with a C/N ratio of 30 also showed the highest rate of pesticide degradation compared to other treatments. Bioremediation uses natural microorganisms, so it does not cause further pollution to the environment. In addition, the composting process can also improve soil fertility and provide the nutrients needed for plant growth. Despite having various advantages, bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated land through Composting also has some drawbacks. One of them is a relatively slow process, where it takes up to 28 days to achieve a significant reduction in pesticide residues. In addition, this process also requires careful control of factors such as C/N ratio, moisture content, and temperature, to ensure that the bioremediation process runs effectively. Limitations also occur in the types of microorganisms used, where not all types of microorganisms are able to degrade all types of pesticides effectively. Result : This experiment uses 3 treatments, namely C/N 40 which consists of soil, cow dung, organic matter residues, and sawdust. The reduction in pesticide residues (88%) was higher compared to control. An increase in the number of microorganism colonies and microbial activity is followed by a decrease in pesticide residues. The decrease in pesticide residues in the C/N ratio of 40 is not only mostly caused by pesticide-degrading microorganisms derived from cow dung, organic matter left over from crops, sawdust and indigen bacteria from the soil. C/N 35 treatment consisting of soil, cow manure, organic matter residue, and sawdust. The reduction of pesticide residues (99%) was higher compared to the control and treatment of C/N ratio 40. An increase in the number of microorganism colonies and microbial activity is followed by a decrease in pesticide residues. The decrease in pesticide residues in the C/N ratio of 35 is not only mostly caused by pesticide-degrading microorganisms derived from cow dung, organic matter left over from crops, sawdust and indigen bacteria from the soil. C/N 30 treatment consisting of soil, cow manure, organic matter residues, and sawdust experienced a decrease in pesticide residues (98%) this was due to the presence of pesticide-degrading microorganisms derived from cow manure, organic matter residues, sawdust, and antigen bacteria from the soil, C/N 35, and C/N 40 which produced pesticide residues at the C/N ratio of 30 of 0.002 ppm or a decrease in concentration of 99.3%. Pesticide residues at the C/N ratio of 35 0.03 ppm or a decrease in concentration of 89.7%. Pesticide residue at C/N ratio 40 by 0.04 ppm or a decrease in concentration of 86.2%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that C/N 30 has a higher degradation rate so that it is able to reduce pesticide residues more than other treatments. Factors affecting the process: The factors that affect the bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated land by composting in the Batu Apple Plantation are found in the parameters contained at the time of composting and the number of microorganism colonies in it. In the composting process, the temperature tends to increase from the beginning to the 2nd week and then decreases close to room temperature, this shows a good temperature when the composting process occurs. Warm temperatures also help the degradation process of pesticides due to the increased activity of microorganisms. On the 7th day the pH value of all treatments increases close to the neutral value until the end of composting. NH3 formed during protein degradation will bind with water to form NH4OH which is an organic acid into O2 and the donation of cation cations bases resulting from mineralization of composting materials. The relationship between the number of microorganism colonies or microorganism activity and the decrease in pesticide residues during the composting process is directly proportional. The more colonies of microorganisms or the more active microorganisms in the food composting process will accelerate the rate of reduction of pesticide residues. The high activity of these microorganisms affects the ability of bacteria to produce enzymes that act as degradation of pesticides, as microorganisms begin to use pesticides as a source of carbon and energy. 6. Composting Journal 2 Title : Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil from Used Oil Waste with Composting Method Principl e: This research is the treatment of used oil waste using the composting method. This research process was carried out for 30 days, of which 2 days were acclimatization and 28 days were periodically observed on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. The first step is to make reactor media between polluted soil and compost soil with a research ratio of 50%: 50% consists of 0.5 kg of polluted soil and 0.5 kg of compost soil. Then, the research ratio of 60%: 40% was made with polluted soil media of 0.6 kg and compost soil as much as 0.4 kg. The research ratio is 100%: 0%, made with 1 kg of soil polluted with waste. The next step of the reactor (contaminated soil and liquid fertilizer), the research ratio of 50% : 50% includes 0.5 kg of contaminated soil and 0.5 liters of liquid fertilizer. Then, the research ratio of 60%: 40%, made with polluted soil as much as 0.6 kg and and 0.4 liters of organic liquid fertilizer. Finally, the reactor (polluted soil, compost soil, and liquid fertilizer) with a research ratio of 50%: 25%: 25% includes polluted soil as much as 0.5 kg, compost soil 0.25 kg and 0.25 liters of organic liquid fertilizer. Meanwhile, the ratio of 60% : 20% : 20% includes contaminated soil as much as 0.6 kg, 0.2 kg of compost soil and 0.2 liters of organic liquid fertilizer. The research ratio is 100%: 0%, made with 1 kg of soil polluted with waste. After that, the parameter analyzed in this study is the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) level using the gravimetric method. The TPH level was measured by the gravimetric method to determine the level of TPH allowance in soil contaminated with used lubricants. The contaminated soil sample was weighed as much as 5 grams and the soil sample was mixed with 30 mL of N-hexane in a 50 mL beaker glass. In the observation of the analysis of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) levels tested, it is likely due to the growth period of diabiotic microbes. Diaxiced or other microbes undergo tradeoffs and are not provided with water supply, making it difficult for microbes to degrade hydrocarbons. This diaaxic growth occurs because there is an energy source at the same time and the enzymes needed by the microbes from one of the substrates are the target of the microbes. Advantages and disadvantages: The Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil with Used Oil Waste with the Composting Method has several advantages or advantages, namely technology that is quite effective, environmentally friendly, relatively cheap in terms of economy, and materials that are easy to find. In this process, hydrocarbon compounds will degrade naturally due to environmental factors even though The rate of degradation is slow. The disadvantages of the Composting process for soil contaminated with used oil waste include that this process depends on water because during composting there is a shortage of water supply so that the contact mechanism between microbes and hydrocarbons that experience the ability of microbes to degrade hydrocarbon compounds is difficult to do, and it is necessary to stir regularly to the treatment of this media so that Microorganisms get oxygen supplies. Result : Values of preliminary observations of samples in the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) test in polluted soil by 0.218%. After analyzing the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon content (TPH) on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, namely the results of bioremediation of used lubricants during 28 days it was obtained that the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) experienced a significant decrease in concentration. In this study, treatment was provided in the form of adding substrates and ratio comparisons so that the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) levels could be reduced at the end of the study. On the 28th day, the results were obtained that the samples that were well degraded, namely the TT : PC 60% : 40% sample, this was marked by the presence of hydrocarbon compounds that have been used by hydrocarvoboslastic microbes using hydrocarbon compounds as a carbon source, because the nutrient most needed by hydrocarvonoclastic microbes is carbon. The TT : PC 60% : 40% ratio shows a comparison of the final value of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) of 0.62%. The Total Value of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) of the media sample TT : PC 60% : 40% is influenced by other parameters, namely temperature, pH, density, moisture content, and TPC. The results of temperature observation showed that it was in the optimal range of 24 ° C - 30 ° C, the pH value was in the optimal range of 7.5 - 8, the moisture content and density were below the quality standard and the TPC showed that on the 28th day in the ratio of TT : PC 60% : 40% could increase the colony population of 3.70E+06 CFU/ml and 2.80E+07 CFU/ml. Information: TT = Polluted Soil PC = Liquid Fertilizer Factors affecting the process: The speed of biodegradation is influenced by several factors such as pollutant concentration, biomass, temperature, pH, nutrient availability, primary substrate availability and adaptation occurring. In addition, the composition of pollutants, the availability of oxygen and moisture also affect the biodegradation process. The imbalance between the carbon supply of pollutants and the need for N and P for microbial growth is also a limiting factor in biodegradation, the success of the degradation process is largely determined by the activity of enzymes. 7. Composting Journal 3 Title : Potential of Co-Composting Method in Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Used Lubricants Using Biodegradable Organic Waste Principle : This study uses twig leaf waste as one of the mixed materials in the co-composting process because it has a high C level and is good for composting. The use of RPH waste in the form of local cattle rumen because of the high levels of N and P can be processed by composting and there is still little research that has been conducted. The combination of the two is also used for balancing the C/N ratio and balancing the number of microbes. Advantages and disadvantages: In bioremediation, soil contaminated with used lubricants using biodegradable organic waste has several advantages, including low capital and operational costs, simple, has high efficiency and can help improve soil properties. In the addition of Effective Microorganism-4 (EM4) is given because it can speed up the composting process and eliminate odors that arise during the composting process if it goes well. In bioremediation, soils contaminated with used lubricants using biodegradable organic waste also have disadvantages, namely the possibility of additional contamination when using organic waste for co-composting , which can cause additional problems if the waste contains other unwanted contaminants. For example, if organic waste contains pesticide residues or other chemicals, this can lead to additional contamination of the soil. Result: The results show that the DR/RS50 reactor with a 50:50 soil and waste composition from a mixture of leaf and twig waste and RPH waste in the form of local cattle rumen is the most effective reactor in reducing TPH. After 30 days of co-composting, the TPH level was successfully lowered from 4.79% to 3.06%. However, this figure is still above the quality standard of the Ministry of Environment No. 128 of 2003 which is 1%. The TPH allowance efficiency in the DR/RS50 reactor reached 36.16% until the 30th day of co-composting. The co-composting method process has been proven to be applied as a bioremediation technique for soil contaminated with used lubricants. Factors that affect the process: Co-composting went well and was characterized by optimal supporting factors, namely temperature, pH, moisture content measured every 3 days and C-Organic, N-Nitrate, N-Nitrite, TKN in the C/N ratio was analyzed every 10 days. 8. Composting Journal 4 Title : Utilization of Banana Peel Compost and Twig Leaf Waste in the Remediation Process Soil Polluted by Waste Oil Principle: The principle of this study is to add banana peel compost and twig leaf waste which is able to increase the nutrient levels of both nitrogen and carbon in the soil contaminated with oil waste, so that the nutrient content in the soil is sufficient. Types of compost fertilizers include banana peel compost, leaf and twig waste, and combinations thereof, as well as compost concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60%. This research consists of two stages. The first phase of research is in the form of making compost fertilizer made from banana peels, twig leaf waste, and a combination of both, as well as the creation of synthetic soil contaminated with oil waste which was carried out in JanuaryFebruary 2022. The second phase of research is an experimental study with the treatment of the type and concentration of compost on soil contaminated with oil waste which was carried out in February-March 2022. Advantages and disadvantages: The use of banana peel compost and twig leaf waste in the remediation process of soil contaminated with oil waste has several advantages such as the addition of banana peel compost and twig leaf waste can increase the nutrient levels of both nitrogen and carbon in polluted soil, so that the nutrient levels in the soil are sufficient. The high content of N nutrients in banana peels is able to be a source of nitrogen that is used by degrading microorganisms to grow and develop, so that it is able to degrade hydrocarbons in the soil. Then the addition of twig leaves acts as a bulking agent that is able to increase hydrocarbon degradation. The addition of bulking agents increases the air space in composting which is responsible for the degradation process. The use of banana peel compost and twig leaf waste in the remediation process of soil contaminated with oil waste also has several drawbacks such as requiring a long time to remove oil waste contaminants significantly and resistance to environmental variability where the chemical composition and physical properties of banana peels and twig leaves can vary depending on the season, location, and other environmental conditions. This variability can affect the consistency and effectiveness of the bioremediation process. Result : This study was conducted with different compost concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60%. The results of the nutrient content test in compost made from banana peels obtained N nutrients by 2.294%; C is 0.42% and the C/N ratio is 0.183. In compost made from leaves nutrient twigs N by 1.973%; C by 0.36%; and a C/N ratio of 0.182. In compost made from a combination of banana peel and twig leaf waste, the nutrient value was 1.342%; C of 0,29%; and a C/N ratio of 0.216. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the optimal combination of types and concentrations of compost fertilizer in reducing the TPH level of soil polluted with oil waste is a combination of banana peel and twig leaf waste with a concentration of 60% which is able to reduce the TPH level with a percentage decrease of 73,63%. However, the final TPH level still exceeds the threshold hinted at in the Regulation of the Ministry of Environment No. 128 of 2003, which is 1%. This is because in compost there are nutrients and microorganisms that are able to decompose hydrocarbon pollutants in soil contaminated with oil waste. The addition of banana peel compost, leaf and twig waste, and a combination of both can reduce the level of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in soil contaminated with oil waste. The results of this study show that the 60% fertilizer concentration is the most optimal fertilizer concentration in reducing the level. 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