Composting Journal Analyze

● Composting Journal 1 ○ Principles The principle used in bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated land by composting is by varying the C/N ratio and moisture content. Soil quality testing includes soil chemical and physical properties, namely pH, C-organic, N-total, C/N ratio, moisture content and soil texture. This process is carried out by calculating pesticide residues in the soil by the shaker method and then injected into Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to be measured based on SNI 06-6990.1-2004. In addition, microorganisms are isolated or called inoculation to determine the activity of microorganisms. A composting process and a reduction of pesticide residues were carried out, which was then followed by a growth test of the number of microorganism colonies. The more colonies of microorganisms that develop in a bioremediation process, the more accelerated the pesticide degradation process that occurs on the land. An increase in the number of microorganism colonies and microbial activity is followed by a decrease in pesticide residues. ○ Process: The main research was carried out by calculating pesticide residues in the soil by the shaker method and then injected into Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to be measured based on SNI 06-6990.1-2004. To determine the activity of microorganisms, microorganisms are isolated. The technique of isolation of microorganisms is called inoculation. The inoculation method used is the scratch/pouring cup method. This process aims to obtain pure isolates. The number of microorganisms can then be calculated by the dilution method. This test was carried out referring to the Standard Methods The Examination of Water and Wastewater APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington, 15th ed 1980. In this study, the composting process was carried out by preparing a composting tub with dimensions of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 meters made of wood which was installed with a distance of 1-2 cm each sheet for oxygen flow during composting, then mixed with 10 kg of soil and bioremediation was carried out for 28 days then daily temperature and pH measurements and soil sampling were carried out weekly. The composting process consists of 4 tubs where 3 composting tubs are treated with C/N ratio variations (30, 35, 40), with the following composting material composition: Soil: sawdust: Cow manure: organic vegetables horticultural crop residues: water, namely: 1. 10 kg: 0.9 kg: 4.5 kg: 0.9 kg: 6.75 liters 2. 10 kg : 1.24 kg : 4.73 kg : 0.9 kg : 6.75 liters 3. 10 kg : 2.25 kg : 5.85 kg : 2.25 kg : 6.75 liters and 1 composting tub is a control treatment consisting of only 10 kg of soil. ○ Advantages and Disadvantages The advantage of the composting method in this journal for bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated land is that it is found in the inoculation process in the isolation of microorganisms that can produce pure isolates. The increase in the number of microorganism colonies and the activity of microorganisms in this method is also followed by a decrease in pesticide residues. Physical-chemical degradation plays a role in the process of reducing pesticide residues even on a small scale. The end of this research can produce soil that has met the soil quality standards. The disadvantage is that there are variations in different C/N ratios in this bioremediation process so that it affects the rate of pesticide degradation in the soil. In addition, in the process of field surveys of apple plantations, some management farmers have a hereditary habit of using pesticides intensively which causes the problem of pesticide residues in the soil. In the control treatment, there is a slow decrease in residue due to the number of colonies of microorganisms that develop or the activity of microorganisms is also slow. This is due to physico-chemical processes, while the decrease in pesticide residues caused by biological processes is thought to be very small because the microorganisms that develop only come from the soil. ○ Results : The purpose of this study is to measure the rate of degradation pesticides in the treatment of C/N ratio during the bioremediation process of composting pesticide-contaminated land, to determine the growth of the number of microorganism colonies in the C/N ratio treatment during the bioremediation process of composting pesticide-contaminated land, to determine the influence of microbial populations on pesticide degradation that occurs in apple plantations in Batu City. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the variation of different C/N ratios in this bioremediation process affects the rate of pesticide degradation in the soil. The pesticide residues in the controls, C/N 40, C/N 35, and C/N 30 respectively experienced a decrease in concentration during the 28 days of the composting process are as follows: 48.3%, 86.2%, 89.7% and 99.3%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that C/N 30 treatment has the highest pesticide degradation rate. The results of the growth of the population or colony of microorganisms showed that an increase in the number of microorganism colonies and activity of microorganisms was followed by a decrease in pesticide residues. The reduction of pesticide residues in C/N 40, 35, and 30 was higher than that of the control treatment where the presentation of the rate of reduction of pesticides in C/N 40 was 88%, C/N 35 was 99% and C/N 30 of 99%. The decrease in pesticide residues in C/N ratios 40, 35, and 30 is not only mostly caused by pesticide-degrading microorganisms derived from cow dung, organic matter left over from crops, sawdust and indigen bacteria from the soil. But also the physicalchemical decline plays a role in the decline process even with a small scale. ○ Influencing factors: Factors that affect the rate of pesticide degradation in the C/N ratio treatment during the bioremediation process of composting pesticidecontaminated land are: 1. Variation of different C/N ratios: Pesticide residues in the C/N ratio of 30 are 0.002 ppm or have a decrease in concentration of 99.3%. The pesticide residue in the C/N ratio of 35 was 0.03 ppm or experienced a decrease in concentration of 89.7%. The pesticide residue at the C/N ratio of 40 was 0.04 ppm or experienced a decrease in concentration of 86.2%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the C/N treatment of the composting process greatly affects the pesticide degradation process. At C/N 30, it is able to reduce pesticide residues more than other mixed C/N ratio treatments. The composting process with C/N treatment is affected by pH, temperature, and activity of microorganisms where good temperature and pH are temperatures close to room temperature and pH close to neutral. 2. Microbial population or activity: The relationship between the number of microorganism colonies or microbial activity and the decrease in pesticide residues during the composting process is directly proportional. Where the more colonies of microorganisms or the more active microorganisms in the composting process, the faster the rate of reduction of pesticide residues will be. On treatment control of slow residue reduction This is due to the number of colonies of microorganisms that develop or the activity of microorganisms is also slow. The decrease in pesticide residues in this control is mostly due to physicochemical processes, while the decrease in pesticide residues caused by biological processes is thought to be very small because the microorganisms that develop only come from the soil. In C/N 40, 35, and 30 treatments, the decrease in pesticide residues was higher than that of the control where an increase in the number of microorganism colonies and microorganism activity was followed by a decrease in pesticide residues. This is influenced by pesticidedegrading microorganisms derived from cow manure, organic matter left over from crops, sawdust and indigen bacteria from the soil and also physico-chemical factors (optimum temperature and pH) play a role in the degradation process even with a small scale. ● Composting Journal 2 ○ Principles The principle of bioremediation of soil contaminated by waste oil with the composting method is to combine composting techniques with biological processes to reduce or eliminate oil contaminants in the soil. First of all, the soil polluted by waste oil is collected and prepared for the composting process. It involves mixing polluted soil with other organic matter such as dry leaves, straw, or other organic waste to form a compost pile. During the composting process, the temperature and moisture of the soil inside the pile should be closely monitored. By maintaining an optimal temperature between 50°C to 65°C, the microorganisms involved in the decomposition are active to the maximum, aiding in the decomposition of used oil contaminants. Adequate air ventilation is also necessary to ensure sufficient oxygen access for microorganisms. During this process, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and earthworms naturally break down oil contaminants, turning them into simpler and less toxic compounds. Constant monitoring of soil quality is important to ensure that contamination levels have been significantly reduced. Once the composting process is complete, the soil that has undergone bioremediation can be reused with the risk of oil contamination that has been effectively reduced, while also producing an end product that is environmentally friendly and beneficial for agriculture or other soil development. ○ Process The bioremediation process is carried out for 30 days with 2 days acclimatization first. The first step is to make reactor media (polluted soil and compost soil) with a research ratio of 50%: 50% consisting of 0.5 kg of polluted soil and 0.5 kg of compost soil. Then, the research ratio of 60%: 40% was made with 0.6 kg of polluted soil media and 0.4 kg of compost soil. Research ratio 100% : 0%, made with soil polluted with waste as much as 1 kg. The next step of the reactor (contaminated soil and liquid fertilizer), the research ratio of 50% : 50% includes 0.5 kg of contaminated soil and 0.5 liters of liquid fertilizer. Then, the research ratio of 60%: 40%, made with polluted soil as much as 0.6 kg and and 0.4 liters of organic liquid fertilizer. Finally, the reactor (polluted soil, compost soil, and liquid fertilizer) with a research ratio of 50%: 25%: 25% includes 0.5 kg of polluted soil, 0.25 kg of compost soil and 0.25 liters of organic liquid fertilizer. Meanwhile, the ratio of 60% : 20% : 20% includes 0.6 kg of polluted soil, 0.2 kg of compost soil and 0.2 liters of organic liquid fertilizer. Research ratio 100% : 0%, made with 1 kg of soil contaminated with waste. ○ Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of the composting method in this journal include: 1. Composting process can remove harmful chemical compounds from waste oil. 2. The composting process can significantly lower the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) with the help of the addition of substrates and hydrocarbonoclastic microbes. 3. The composting method requires a cost that is still relatively cheap. The disadvantages of the composting method in this journal include: 1. The bioremediation process using composting takes a long time. 2. Requires monitoring of temperature, pH, density, moisture content, and TPC parameters which are quite intensive and carried out regularly. 3. It is necessary to carry out treatment in the form of regular stirring of the medium so that microorganisms get enough oxygen supply. ○ Results Based on the results of bioremediation of used lubricating oil for 28 days, the final results of TT:PC research treatment were obtained 60%: 40% showed a comparison of the final value of TPH of 0.62%. Observation data on the 7th day, the media sample experienced a high TPH value allowance, namely TT : KINDERGARTEN : PC 60% : 20% : 20% worth 4.6%, TT : KINDERGARTEN : PC 50% : 25% : 25% worth 2.39%, TT : PC 60% : 40% worth 1.78%, TT : A/C 50% : 50% worth 1.544%, TT : A/C 60% : 40% worth 0.996%, TT : PC 50% : 50% is worth 0.75% and control land is worth 1.62%. Observations on the 7th to 28th day, the samples that degraded well, namely the TT : PC 60%: 40% sample, this is marked by the presence of hydrocarbon compounds that have been used by hydrocarbonoclastic microbes using hydrocarbon compounds as a carbon source. The nutrient most needed by hydrocarbonoclastic microbes is carbon. TPH value of TT media sample: PC 60%: 40% is influenced by other parameters namely temperature, pH, density, moisture content and TPC. The results of temperature observation showed that it was in the optimum range of 24°C -30°C, the pH value was in the optimum range of 7.5-8, the moisture content and density were below the quality standard and the TPC showed that until the 28th day in the ratio of TT : PC 60% : 40% could increase the colony population of 3.70E+06 CFU/ml and 2.80E+07 CFU/ml. ○ Influencing factors The speed of biodegradation is influenced by several factors such as pollutant concentration, biomass, temperature, pH, nutrient availability, primary substrate availability, and adaptation occurring. In addition, the composition of pollutants, the availability of oxygen, and humidity also affect the biodegradation process. The imbalance between the carbon supply of pollutants and the need for N and P for microbial growth is also a limiting factor in biodegradation. ● Composting Journal 3 ○ Principles The journal investigated the principle of increasing the shelf life of compost activators through variations of nitrogen sources with the aim of identifying the most effective sources in extending the shelf life. By comparing nitrogen sources such as urea, ammonium sulfate, and nitrate, the study also evaluated the performance of the resulting compost, including stability, nutrient content, and the ability to improve soil quality. This analysis provides deeper insights into the role of microorganisms in the decomposition of organic matter and potentially leads to the development of more sustainable agricultural practices by selecting optimal nitrogen sources to improve the quality and shelf life of compost. ○ Process The process in the journal involves the following steps experimental that includes the collection of various nitrogen sources such as urea, ammonium sulfate, and nitrate to be used as raw materials in the manufacture of compost activators. The next step is to vary the use of these nitrogen sources in the compost activator formula, then observe and analyze the shelf life of the resulting activator and its compost performance. The evaluation is carried out by paying attention to the stability, nutrient content, and impact on soil quality. This process provides an in-depth understanding of how variations in nitrogen sources affect the shelf life of compost activators and provides important insights related to the role of microorganisms in the decomposition process of organic matter as well as their implications in sustainable agricultural practices. ○ Advantages and Disadvantages The advantage of this journal is that it presents a comprehensive approach in investigating the influence of nitrogen source variations on the shelf life of compost activators. Through the collection and comparison of various nitrogen sources and the evaluation of the performance of the resulting compost, this study provides in-depth insights into how the selection of nitrogen sources can affect the effectiveness of compost activators. This makes a valuable contribution to the development of sustainable agricultural practices with the potential to improve the efficiency of compost production and reduce negative impacts on the environment. However, the drawbacks may be lies in the limitations in the generalization of results, especially if there is not sufficient variation in the parameters evaluated, as well as perhaps a lack of a deep understanding of the complex interactions between the factors that affect the decomposition process under actual field conditions. ○ Results Seaweed medium concentration of 1.25% and 2.5% tends to has a relatively low level of curve slope of 21 and 18. A low slope value indicates that the cell death rate at any time tends to be lower because it is thought that the cell reduces metabolic activity by regulating cell dormancy. In addition, the C/N ratio value of compost to activator in the marine grass medium has an optimal C/N ratio value of 14.15/1. Therefore, seaweed is the right medium for increasing the shelf life of compost activators on the industrial scale of compost activator production. ○ Influencing factors Important factors needed in making compost include substrates and microorganisms that belong to the group of mesophilic, thermophilic, fungi, and yeast bacteria. The growth medium of microorganisms plays an important role in regulating the shelf life of cells for a long period of time. The aeration process is also an important effort to supply oxygen needs for microorganisms in aerobic respiration and control the temperature of compost by stirring. ● Composting Journal 4 ○ Principles Waste is a problem in big cities, both in terms of quantity and type. The size of the waste problem grows along with the growth of the population in the city. Municipal waste in Indonesia is around 70-80% from organic matter and the rest is inorganic waste. So far, municipal waste has not been managed optimally, even though it has the potential to be used as compost. If not handled quickly, these cities will sink into a pile of garbage with all the negative impacts it causes. ○ Process The stages in this study are the steps taken in making compost. The initial stage, namely sorting or sorting, aims to ensure that mixed kitchen waste taken from households does not mix with inorganic waste. Then the shredding is carried out, the material is chopped with a size of approximately 2 - 3 cm using a grinding machine. After the waste is chopped, piles are prepared, the material is stacked in thin layers. The compost material that has been stacked is given EM4 (effective microorganism 4) then closed. During the composting process, humidity, pH and temperature are monitored daily. The final stage is to conduct a compost laboratory test to determine the results of the quality of the compost. ○ Advantages and Disadvantages The composting method described in this journal highlights a systematic and measurable approach to composting. The stages carried out, ranging from waste sorting to laboratory tests, provide clarity in the process. Periodic monitoring of humidity, pH, and temperature also adds value to this method, as it ensures that optimal conditions are maintained during the decomposition process. Although this method offers a structured approach, some drawbacks still need to be noted. For example, obstacles in shredding waste that can affect the humidity of the compost and limitations in controlling weather conditions that can affect the overall process. In addition, handling excess moisture and the influence of temperature also requires extra attention so that the composting process runs as desired. This method still provides significant benefits in making quality compost. The effective use of microorganisms and the application of quality standards in the process ensure that the resulting compost meets the requirements that have been set. Thus, despite the challenges that must be overcome, this composting method is still a viable option for processing organic waste into useful compost. ○ Results In the aerobic composting process, humidity should be between 40 - 50%. When there is too much moisture, it can cause the material to become more dense and block the entry of oxygen into the material. However, if the humidity is lacking, it cannot also support microbial life. Changes in humidity during the composting process can be seen in Figure 1. from the journal. Based on Figure 1, it can be seen that the compost pile in the 2 treatments has increased by up to 100% until the 2nd week. This is because the shredding of mixed kitchen waste and vegetables is too small. If the enumeration of non-hard materials is chopped too small, the material will crumble and cause an increase in humidity. Therefore, it is better to chop up non-hard garbage by measuring 3 - 5 cm, while hard garbage should be chopped with a size of 0.5 - 1 cm. In addition to the size of the material, weather conditions also have a great influence. The weather conditions at the beginning of the composting process are always rainy. ○ Influencing factors Some of the factors that affect the effectiveness of this composting method include the size of the organic matter enumeration, weather conditions, and humidity and temperature control. Improper shredding can affect the moisture content of the compost, while uncontrolled weather conditions such as excessive rain can lead to excessive moisture. Control of humidity and temperature is also key, as optimal humidity and appropriate temperatures will accelerate the decomposition process into quality compost. Therefore, a deep understanding of these factors is important to optimize the results of the composting method used. ● Bioreactor Journal 1 ○ Principles The principle of this method is to use a biological method used to remediate waste through the PCB etching process. The waste bioremediation of the PCB etching process is carried out in an activated sludge system. The source of activated sludge comes from rice paddy soil which is rich in microbial mass. This aims to determine the effectiveness of biological waste treatment in reducing waste toxicity, including pH and Cu heavy metal content, as well as to determine bacterial isolates that can improve the quality of liquid waste in the PCB etching process. Some of the stages in this study are liquid waste sampling, the manufacture of activated sludge bioreactor with 4 treatments, namely the addition of waste with Cu concentrations of 50 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 350 ppm, the characterization of waste samples including the measurement of COD, BOD, pH, TSS, and Cu metal concentrations on days 0 and 7, the characterization of bacterial isolates in activated sludge and data analysis using SPSS version 15 followed by the DMRT test (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) with a confidence level of 95%. Bacterial isolate characterization includes observation of bacterial colony morphology, Gram painting, motility test, catalase test, biochemical property test, then the test results are matched with Bergey's Manual of Determinnative. Bacteriology 7th edition. ○ Process liquid waste sampling, sludge bioreactor manufacturing active with 4 treatments, namely the addition of waste with Cu concentrations of 50 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 350 ppm, the characterization of waste samples including the measurement of COD, BOD, pH, TSS, and Cu metal concentrations on days 0 and 7, the characterization of bacterial isolates in activated sludge and data analysis using SPSS version 15 followed by the DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) test) with a confidence level of 95%. Characterization of bacterial isolates includes observation of bacterial colony morphology, Gram painting, motility test, catalase test, biochemical property test, then the test results are matched with Bergey's Manual of Determinnattive Bacteriology 7th edition. ○ Advantages and Disadvantages The advantage of using this activated sludge bioreactor itself is the decrease in several parameters tested such as concentrations of Cu, BOD, COD, and TSS metals, as well as an increase in pH parameters. This shows that the use of activated sludge bioreactor is quite effective to reduce the concentration of liquid waste from the etching printed circuit board (PCB) process. The disadvantage of this bioreactor is the need for stages of treatment including chemical and physical treatment so that the pH of liquid waste rises, so that bacteria can survive in the waste. ○ Results After 7 days of incubation period, heavy metal content Cu, COD, BOD and TSS decreased and pH increased. Treatment A (50 ppm) experienced a decrease in Cu metal content. the highest was 93.18%, followed by treatment B (150 ppm) with a decrease of 81.94%, treatment D (350 ppm) with a decrease of 31.57% and treatment C (250 ppm) with a decrease of 18.09%. There are three indigenus bacteria resulting from bacterial isolation, namely X, Y and Z bacterial isolates. In treatment A (50 ppm), the metal content of Cu on day 0 was 56.33 ppm, and on day 7 it decreased to 3.84 ppm. The pH parameter has increased from 4.67 to 6.22, which is in accordance with the quality standards. The BOD parameter decreased, BOD5 day 0 was 89.60 mg/L and BOD5 day 7 was 34.67 mg/L. In the COD parameter, there was also a decrease, namely COD on day 0 of 413.83 mg/L and COD content on day 7 was 22.27 mg/L. The last parameter was TSS where, TSS on day 0 was 2721.67 mg/L and day 7 was 44.3 mg/L. In treatment B (150 ppm), the metal content of Cu on day 0 was 156.33 ppm and on day 7 it was 28.23 ppm. The pH parameter in this treatment also increased, the pH on day 0 was 4.37 and on the 7th day it increased to 6.04. The BOD parameter in this treatment also decreased, BOD5 day 0 was 99.80 mg/L and BOD5 day 7 was 34.73 mg/L. COD day 0 was 195.5 mg/L and on the 7th day the COD content was 41.63 mg/L. TSS on day 0 was 906.67 mg/L and on day 7 was 65.67 mg/L. In the C treatment (250 ppm), the metal content of Cu on day 0 was 276.33 ppm and on day 7 it was 226.33 ppm. Parameters The pH on day 0 was 3.27 and on the 7th day it increased to 4.07. BOD5 on day 0 was 106.93 mg/L and BOD5 on day 7 was 28.33 mg/L. COD on day 0 was 235.5 mg/L and COD content on day 7 was 26.57 mg/L. TSS on day 0 was 1253.33 mg/L and day 7 was 126 mg/L. In the D treatment (350 ppm), the metal content of Cu on day 0 was 359 ppm, and on day 7 it was 245.67 ppm. The pH parameter on day 0 was 3.05 and on the 7th day it increased to 3.87. BOD5 day 0 is 99.8 mg/L and BOD5 day 7 is 27.4 mg/L. COD on day 0 was 233.83 mg/L and on day 7 the COD content was 20.8 mg/L. TSS on day 0 was 1346.67 mg/L and day 7 was 102 mg/L. Based on this, the parameters that are in accordance with the quality standards in the four treatments are BOD and COD parameters. Referring to the Ministerial Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No.5 of 2014, the quality standards for BOD and COD are 50 mg/L and 110 mg/L. Furthermore, in the pH parameter, only two treatments meet the quality standards, namely in treatments A and B with the quality standards of 6-9. In the TSS parameter, only treatment A meets the quality standard, with a quality standard of 60 mg/L. The Cu parameter in all treatments did not meet the quality standards but there was a significant decrease in treatments A and B. ○ Influencing factors The factors influencing this method are heavy metal resistance genes in plasmids, chromosomes, organic matter, oxygen, and transposons. pH also determines the growth rate of aerobic bacteria, the provision of nutrients to bacteria, such as the addition of a solution of sugar and urea to the activated sludge ● Jurnal Bioreaktor 2 ○ Prinsip The principle of a bioreactor involves the use of large tanks with controlled conditions to facilitate microbial growth. Biodegradation can take place faster because microbes have a suitable environment to survive. This happens because bioreactors can be used to regulate environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, humidity, and nutrients. Bacteria need stable and suitable conditions in order to develop properly. By controlling these factors, an optimal environment for bacterial growth can be created. ○ Process Four reactors are equipped with stirring motors and systems aeration (aerator and sparger) for the bioremediation process with a bioslurry system. i, the slurry containing a mixture of soil and water with a ratio of 1:9 is fed into the bioslurry reactor (A, B, C and D). Then as many as (5%, 10%, 15%) (v/v) starters are put into reactors B, C, D and analyzed for initial TPH. Biodegradation is a decomposition process by microbial activity that results in a transformation of the structure of a compound so that there is a change in molecular integrity. ○ Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of this method include: efficient, bioreactor slurry allows massive treatment of contaminated soil in one place. This reduces the need for large tracts of land. More scalable Environmental Control, In a bioreactor, we can regulate environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pH. This ensures an optimal environment for the growth of microorganisms. Low Cost, Bioremediation with bioreactor slurry tends to be less expensive than physical or chemical methods. Geographically applicable in contaminated sites, bioreactor slurries allow for in situ bioremediation, so the soil does not need to be moved. ○ Results The final result of the bioremediation process on the 49th day, TPH value reduced to 7000 μg/g, which is in accordance with the requirements. The decrease in the TPH value occurred in each reactor, both without the addition of bacteria and with the addition of bacteria and the decrease in TPH best occurs in reactors with the addition of bacteria 10% (v/v) with a final TPH of 7000 μg/g, with a percent biodegradation of 86%. ○ Influencing factors Several factors affect the course of the bioremediation process with this method, including: Soil conditions, physical and chemical factors of soil play an important role. Soil pH, moisture level, texture, structure, and nutrient content affect the growth and activity of bioremediation organisms. For example, some soil bioremediations may be better suited for soils with a specific pH or moisture. Nutrients: Bioremediation organisms need nutrients to survive and carry out their functions. The availability of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus affects the effectiveness of bioremediation. Water content, bioreactor slurry contains a lot of water. Water content management is important so that microorganisms have optimal conditions for growth and activity. Oxygen, the availability of oxygen in a bioreactor slurry affects the metabolism of microorganisms. Oxygen is necessary for the degradation of pollutants. The interaction of microorganisms, the presence of other microorganisms in the bioreactor also affects the bioremediation process. The interaction between bacteria, fungi, and algae can enrich the environment and support bacterial growth. ● Jurnal Bioreaktor 3 ○ Prinsip In single-stage anaerobes, the processes of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis are carried out in a single reactor. While two-stage anaerobes, the processes of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis are carried out in a twostage system reactor. The process of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and acetogenesis occurs in the first stage, while the process of methanogenesis occurs in the second stage. ○ Process Activated sand in the reactor has the characteristic of being able to withstand Dissolved solids such as heavy metals and microorganisms are better than activated carbon. For clean water treatment, activated carbon is used to absorb organic compounds and can remove odors and tastes. The filling materials used are Slow Sand Fultration (SSF), Rapid Sand Filtration (RPS), and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). SSF can be simply and easily operated to remove solids, microorganisms and heavy metals. However, a large area per unit of treated water volume is required. In urban areas where available space is limited, RSF can be used for pre- and posttreatment to prevent fouling. By coating the sand filter with metal-based additives (e.g. Fe or Mn) ○ Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages obtained from this two-stage system are, increasing the methane gas content, being able to decompose organic compounds in larger, more stable, and faster amounts, while the disadvantage is that in stage one it takes a long time for a biogas to form. ○ Results The results of the study show that membrane technology Bioreactor is one of the important processes for decentralized waste treatment plants. Treatment using bioreactor membranes is able to reduce organic substances by biologically treating wastewater and is able to reduce suspended solids in one step. Without the pretreatment process, it still has a turbidity level of 0.33 NTU with a COD value of 35.7. Meanwhile, the efficiency rate of TDS and TSS reduction was 91.05% and 68%. While if the pretreatment process is carried out using activated sand filtration media, the water quality has a turbidity level of 0 NTU with a COD value of 7.1; and the efficiency of reducing TDS and TSS was 91.85% and 76%. Meanwhile, when using activated carbon media, the turbidity figure is still 0.27 NTU with a COD value of 10.5. The efficiency of TDS and TSS reduction was 90.97% and 66.67%. ○ Influencing factors An important factor to increase the effectiveness of bioreactors is the addition of activated sand. Activated sand has the characteristic of being able to resist dissolved solids such as heavy metals and microorganisms better than activated carbon, as evidenced in Figure 8 shows that activated sand media can reduce the TSS value the most, which is 76%. ● Jurnal Bioreaktor 4 ○ Prinsip The principle used in the journal is the use of activated sand and activated carbon filtration media before water is introduced into the bioreactor membrane to treat the produced water. The results show that the use of activated sand is more effective than activated carbon in producing clearer water with low turbidity and high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) reduction efficiency. In addition, membrane technology is also used in combination with the activated sludge process in membrane bioreactors for the treatment of produced water ○ Process This research uses bioreactor membrane as an application combined with several conventional units as a pretreatment before entering the membrane. So that this research process is divided into two, namely: Pre-treatment stage, which includes the process of sedimentation, aeration coagulation, and filtration. Using a bioreactor membrane. At the filtration stage using membranes, the produced water is treated with three types of treatments, namely: The water produced directly from the aeration process is passed through the membrane, the produced water is passed through the activated sand filtration medium and then put into the membrane, the produced water is passed through the activated carbon filtration medium and then put into the membrane. ○ Advantages and Disadvantages Excess: 1. Reverse osmosis is effective in removing particles, dispersed oils, and emulsified oils. 2. The resulting particle size is smaller. 3. Lower energy consumption. 4. Faster process rate. 5. The use of activated sand filtration media produces water with a turbidity level of 0 NTU, COD 7.1 mg/L, and the efficiency of reducing TDS by 91,85%. Deficiency: 1. Conventional separation technology by gravity is less effective in overcoming the problem of produced water. 2. The use of activated carbon as a filtration medium produces water with a turbidity level of 0.27 NTU, COD of 10.5 mg/L, and a TDS reduction efficiency of 90.97%. 3. The performance of active sand decreases after a few days of use because it is saturated. 4. The process of treating produced water using bioreactor membranes requires pretreatment to reduce the membrane load and slowing down the fouling process so that the membrane life is longer. ○ Results The results show that the use of filtration media Activated sand and activated carbon before introducing water into the bioreactor membrane can produce clearer water with low turbidity level and high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) reduction efficiency. The use of activated sand produced a turbidity level of 0 NTU, COD of 7.1 mg/L, and an effectiveness of reducing TDS of 91.85%, while the use of activated carbon produced a turbidity level of 0.27 NTU, COD of 10.5 mg/L, and an effectiveness of reducing TDS of 90.97%. Thus, the use of activated sand filtration media is better than activated carbon in treating the produced water in the Wonocolo mining area. Membrane technology is also used in the treatment of produced water by a combination of membrane and activated sludge processes in membrane bioreactors. ○ Influencing factors In the journal, there are several factors that affect the production water treatment process using a bioreactor membrane with activated sand and activated carbon filtration media. Some of the factors that affect the process include: 1. Types of filtration media: The use of activated sand and activated carbon as filtration media before introducing water into the bioreactor membrane affects the effectiveness of the treatment of produced water. Activated sand is more effective in retaining dissolved solids such as heavy metals and microorganisms than activated carbon. 2. Turbidity level of water: The turbidity level of the produced water affects the treatment process because high turbidity can cause fouling problems in the bioreactor membrane. By using activated sand filtration media, the level of turbidity of water can be reduced to 0 NTU. 3. Reduction efficiency Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Reduction efficiency TDS is an important parameter in the production water treatment process. The use of active sand results in effectiveness TDS decrease by 91.85%, while the use of activated carbon produces an effectiveness of 90,97%. 4. Pre-treatment process: The pre-treatment stage before introducing water into the bioreactor membrane includes the process of sedimentation, coagulation, aeration, and filtration using activated sand and activated carbon media. This pretreatment process also affects the overall efficiency of the produced water treatment BIBLIOGRAPHY Supervisor of AW, Prasetyo EN. 2016. Improvement of the shelf life of compost activators through variations of nitrogen sources. ITS Science Journal , 5(1): 337352. Nandari WW, Utami A, Yogafanny E, Kristiati M T. 2018. Water treatment is produced with a bioreactor membrane in the Wonocolo Mining Area. Allergies. 15 (2) : 34-40. Nurdiana J, Meichayanti I, Indrana HF. 2017. Domestic organic waste processing through windrow composting. Journal of Technology IV, 6(2): 41-46. Silalahi FT, Husin A. 2018. Treatment of tofu liquid waste using single-stage and twostage anaerobic bioreactors in batches. USU Journal of Chemical Engineering. 7(1): 34-40.