From Australupithecus to Homo

From Australupithecus to Homo, food had a role in the evolution of species readily obtain their food (Campillo, 2004). The energy and proteins found in fruits, seeds, vegetables, roots, and nuts provided the first hominids with a means of survival. He occasionally ate tiny insects, arachnids, small reptiles, and their eggs (Arroyo, 2008). Blood sugar levels did not fluctuate dramatically in response to a diet high in carbs, particularly complex ones. He required to secrete insulin continuously physically, but his levels shouldn't be excessively high. Since grasses (monocotyledons) were not a part of their diet, the plant-based proteins came from dicotyledonous plants. But even with his restricted diet of animal products, he was able to receive the vitamins that are exclusive to animal tissues, including vitamin B12, and the necessary amino acids, which are lacking in vegetables. The Ardipithecus did not require muscular exertion to collect its food, indicating that it led a rather inactive life. Their adipose tissue should therefore have been rare and primarily subcutaneous in distribution. Considering how seldom his fasting spells were, he did not require a significant quantity of adipose tissue as an energy store. Their food was plentiful and consistent in itself, but it lacked much nutritional value. But as a new phase of evolution begins, marked by severe droughts that lead to food shortages and the disappearance of jungles and forests, the Afarensis is forced to "come down from the tree" and wander on land, changing its habits in the process. Our ancestor also starts eating roots, tubers, leaves, animal remains, marrow, and tissues rich in fat, which aids in the development of their brains and gives them an advantage over other species in terms of intelligence and adaptation. They also likely have access to fish and oilseeds, which provide omega 6 and micronutrients that guarantee a supply of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid for the brain (Morris, 1992). However, he had to travel great distances to obtain his food, so he tried to store fat for times of scarcity. This led to great "binges" in order to store energy, and he developed the "thrifty gene" or "thrifty genotype" (Neel, 1999) that allowed the accumulation of excess energy consumed in the form of fat, using fatty acids as metabolic fuel instead of glucose. (Vergara, (2013); Valensuela, 2001). This led to an increase in sensitivity. to insulin from fat tissue, to build up triglycerides, and to inhibit muscle tissue's sensitivity to insulin, in order to save glucose. It shielded itself from a by using fat to promote brain growth and bestow exceptional skills in the use of simple tools. an atmosphere that is growing more antagonistic. Along with the aforementioned physical changes, the small intestine undergoes a significant alteration during this time as well. It lengthens to improve its ability to absorb the limited nutrients it can eat. Because the fermentation processes were not as important to the digestive process, thick is shortened. (Kay, 1977) Resistance to leptin, a hormone mostly released by adipose tissue that suppresses the brain's "hunger center" and indicates fullness, is another biochemical process that has to have started. (Mayr, 1950) Homo ergaster may have been the ancestor of Homo erectus, which had to endure even harsher living conditions than its predecessors, transforming into an omnivore-carnivore "by force" (Brand 1994). They wandered the tundras, swamps, and sparse grasslands of that era, most likely in groups, as it was more convenient to obtain food in these environments. According to popular belief, he was a "hunter-gatherer" who relied on hunting and gathering fruits, seeds, and stems for his irregular diet. He broke the victim's skull, scraped and shattered the bones with the tools, gaining access to the brain tissue and, consequently, lipids rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid. They also consumed seafood, which provided them with direct access to DHA, a fatty acid crucial to the growth and operation of the brain and retina. (Arroyo, 2008) Large carnivores left their bones' marrow for Homo habilis to access in order to receive animal proteins (Salas et al2005). The food of Homo Neanderthals depended on the meat and vegetables that were readily available, while those living along the Mediterranean shore used aquatic resources and crustaceans. Similarly, the majority of proteins came from stalking huge herbivores. It has been calculated that the daily energy expenditure of Neanderthal men would be 4000–6000 Kcal, and that of women would be 3000–500 Kcal. Even while earlier homo sapiens had used fire before, Neanderthals used it regularly, which improved food digestion by making food more palatable and allowing for better nutritional use. Regarding Homo sapiens, it is thought that they evolved unique means of survival and had a flexible diet. They honed their hunting skills and learned the paths used by animals throughout their migrations. With time, these groups' diets grew more varied, including meats, seafood, fruits, vegetables, cereals, and nuts like walnuts that supplied the fatty acids necessary for the brain's neuronal processes. As it expanded around the globe, its feeding tactics evolved. The choice of the richest and tastiest prey is evident in the culinary preparations of the anatomical slices, as the homo brain needed to consume 15% of its energy to sustain its metabolism while at rest. According to Mateos and Rodríguez (2011), the energy requirements of chimpanzees and Australopithecus brains were comparable to those of paranthropes; but, in Homo habilis, the brain already used 15% of the energy needed to keep the metabolism running when the animal was at rest. However, the nutritional requirements of a larger brain go beyond energy intake; good food is also necessary for brain growth. From a hunter-gatherer to a farmer, he learned how to cultivate his own food and domesticate animals for his own sustenance. Some of the essential fatty acids for the brain's neuronal activities are only present in specific nuts, including walnuts. Cereal consumption started approximately 10,000 years ago in Asia when wheat was first planted, and it gradually spread over Europe. Corn was first grown in Mexico and Central America approximately 8,000 years ago, whereas rice was first farmed in Asia 7,000 years ago. Despite these modifications to Homo sapiens' diet, the species' genetic makeup had already been established, and insulin resistance and likely leptin resistance had solidified. Adipose tissue, which served as a store of energy during times of famine, now serves as a store of energy surpluses when famines don't occur frequently.