Changes in Biochemistry

Changes in biochemistry Biochemical changes in the regulation of intermediate metabolism were necessary during the periods of adaptation to hyperphagia and starvation. Australophitecus started to change the high insulin sensitivity of the insulin-dependent tissues of Ardipithecus ramidus, primarily the muscle and adipose tissues. Hunger had to be the only thing that consumed after a big meal. The primary nutrient, glucose, has to be primarily sent to adipose tissue in order to be converted into storage triglycerides. The skeletal muscle in Ardipithecus, used to short labor and minimal effort, was pushed to perform considerably more work, lengthy walks, escape from predators, etc. (Valenzuela, 2007). As a result, it adapted to use fatty acids as metabolic fuel. rather than glucose, which is essential for the brain and red blood cells, two organs that rely solely on glucose. In this approach, muscle tissue's sensitivity to insulin dropped in order to preserve glucose, whereas adipose tissue's enhanced sensitivity to insulin led to the accumulation of triglycerides. The onset of the "thrifty genotype" was marked by a difference in the sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin. (Valenzuela, 2007) A certain level of leptin resistance is another biological mechanism that must have began its presence in Australopithecus. The hormone leptin, derived from the Greek lepthos, meaning lean, is mostly released by adipose tissue. It works by blocking the brain's "hunger center" and indicating fullness. Lucy's hunger center, which is located in the cerebral hypothalamus, had to induce a specific state of leptin resistance in order for her to eat until she was satiated, or even more if she could. Lucy could have built up more energy stores in her adipose tissue in this way. It was vital to find the extra fat in another anatomical distribution since, while she could have increased her subcutaneous fat, doing so would have limited heat transfer. The anatomical requirements resulting from bipedalism should be unaffected by this. Because their digestion processes are lengthier than those of carnivores, herbivores have significantly larger and more complicated digestive systems. As a result, their body must be bigger, heavier, and move more slowly. In contrast, carnivores can be smaller, faster, and more agile since their digestive systems are shorter because they consume food—primarily meat and fat—much faster than those of herbivores. , a prerequisite for it to catch its victim. Homo ergaster, though we are not sure that it is its direct descendent, had a comparable digestive system structure to Australopithecus afarencis, which had a digestive system more like to that of carnivores than of herbivores without really being carnivores. ....Because of his anatomical makeup, he was compelled to follow the path of the omnivore-carnivore, permanently giving up on the possibility of becoming a herbivore. Most likely, the saving gene was consolidated with Homo ergaster. Muscle tissue became more pronouncedly insulin resistant as it changed into an unadapted carnivore. Absolute carnivores have extremely active glutaconeogenesis from amino acids. Because carbohydrates are mostly needed for brain activity, your muscles can only use fatty acids and amino acids as an energy source, and your adipose tissue can only store extremely little amounts of triglycerides as a result of eating little to no carbs. For Homo ergaster, muscle insulin resistance was essential to surviving the famines that occurred frequently. Hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis—up to 40% of gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting is renal—allows for the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels during fasting. This process is made much more effective when skeletal muscle exhibits insulin resistance, as this tissue is compelled to use adipose tissue reserves of fatty acids, which in turn reserves glucose for consumption. mostly by the brain and erythrocytes, two organs that rely heavily on glucose for metabolic processes. In order to guarantee that satiety regulation was reached at higher levels of circulating leptin produced by adipose tissue, and consequently larger storage of energy stores during the times of famine that followed, it is possible that leptin resistance was also consolidated. to the hunting feast, or rather, the discovery of a partially consumed game ready for the Carreño. (Valenzuela, 2007)