Transportation Notes

TRANSPORTATION the respiratory surfaces and then to individual CONTENTS          Transportation cells in animals or directly to cells in plants. Carbon dioxide is formed as a by-product. It is passed out for elimination.  Function of Transporation Transportation in Human Being  Waste Products : Toxic waste products are produced during metabolism. They have to be excreted. For this they are first taken to kidneys for separation, translocated to urinary bladder for storage and from urinary bladder to the region of elimination.  Water : Plants absorb water from soil with the help of their roots. It is transported to all parts.  Hormones : They are formed in particular regions from where they are transported to the areas of their functioning. Kind of Blood Vessels Blood Group The Human Heart Double Circulation Transportation in Plant Transpiration  TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEING TRANSPORTATION  It is the movement of materials from one part to another, usually from the region of their availability to the region of their use storage or elimination. FUNCTION OF TRANSPORTATION    Food : It is available at particular points, e.g. leaves in plants, alimentary canal in animals. Food has to be transported to every living cell of the body for extraction of energy and materials.  Metabolic Gases : Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two metabolic gases. Oxygen is required by every living cell for cellular respiration. It has to be transported from outside environment first to In humans, transportation of oxygen nutrients, hormone and other substances to tissue, CO2 to the lungs and waste products to the kidneys is carried out by a well-defined Circulatory System. In lower organisms material is transported by diffusion.  Circulatory System : It comprises of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymphatic vessels, lymph, which together serve to transport materials, throughout the body. Components of the circulatory system in higher animals are -  Blood  Pumping organ- 'Heart'  System of blood vessels for distribution and collection of blood - consisting of arteries, veins and capillaries. Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Granulocytes Surface view Side view ERYTHROCYTE (RBC) BLOOD Lymphocyte Monocyte Agranulocytes Plasma Serum Protein PLATELETS DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS IN MAN Blood cells Erythrocytes W.B.C Platelets (Red blood corpuscles)  Blood Corpuscles : WBC are mainly of two Type W.B.C. I. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) or Erythrocytes : WBC These are minute, circular biconcave discs having Granulocytes They have a granular cytoplasm and lobed nucleus. no nucleus. They look red due to the presence of red coloured pigment, haemoglobin. Red blood cells have life span about 120 days. They are produced in bone marrow number is 4.5 – 5.5 millon/cu.mm. III. Blood Platelets :  Function : Haemoglobin Agranulocytes Their cytoplasm does not contain granules but a single large spherical nucleus.  nucleated blood- cells, which help in the coagulation of blood they are called thrombocytes. transports oxygen from lungs to body tissues. II. WBC or White Blood Cells or Corpuscles :  These are large, nucleated colourless cells and are Platelets are rounded, colourless, biconvex and non-  KIND OF BLOOD VESSELS There are three types of blood vessels present in human circulatory system. less numerous than erythrocytes. There are about (A) Arteries : 5000 W.B.C per mili litre of blood.  Arteries carry blood from heart and supply to organs. These are thick muscular walled and deep seated. All Arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to lungs for purification. They do not have valves. (B) Veins :  Veins collect blood from the tissue of the organs and Bring it to the heart through two big veins,  the superior and Inferior vena cava. Veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins. Veins are thin walled and placed more superficially. They contain valves. blood to all the groups and hence called Universal donar.  (C) Capillaries :  Capillaries A person having O blood group can give Similarly a person with AB blood group is called Universal Recipient as he can receive blood of all other groups. are extremely thin-walled and narrow. They are closely placed with the cells of the tissue in an organ. Oxygen and food pass into the cells and carbon-dioxide and other wastes pass into the capillaries from the cells.  Blood group O does not contain any antigen on the surface of R.B.C therefore, no reaction will occur with the blood of the recipient  The plasma of blood having blood group AB do not have antibodies therefore reaction will not occur with the antigen of the donars blood.   Important Terms : antigen in the blood, which was first found in the Rhesus monkey. On the basis of presence or absence of Rh factor human beings can be divided as- Rh positive (Rh+) and Rh negative (Rh–). The following terms should be clearly understood before studying blood group. (A) Antigen :  A substance capable of stimulating the  formation of an antibody is called antigen.  It is any substance, a bacteria or virus, that the body regards as foreign and it may be formed in or introduced into the body, it is capable of causing some disease in the body and are present in the red blood cells of the donor. (B) Antibody :  It is specialised protein produced by certain white blood cells (lymphocytes) in response to entry into the body of a foreign substance. i.e. antigen in order to render it harmless. `   BLOOD GROUPS Rh factor (Rhesus factor) : It is a kind of  They are much important in child birth. If blood of baby (embryo) is Rh+ and mother is Rh–. She may lose her baby as antibodies will attack the baby (nowadays, this condition is medically supposed not to be so serious and certain techniques and procedures are available to save the baby). Blood group Antigen present in RBC Antibody present plasma Can donate to Can receive from A A b A and AB A, O B B a AB, B B, O AB A, B None AB B, AB, A, O O None a and b O, A, B, AB O Landsteiner discovered four blood groups in human beings based on the mutual compatibility of the antigens and antibodies. They are A, B, AB and O.  Function of Blood : Blood perform the following functions : In RBC, some carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) that is  Transport of Oxygen and Carbondioxide : Blood disossociated into H+ and HCO3–. These ions transports oxygen from the respiratory surface i.e. lungs, buccal cavity to body tissues and carbon dioxide from tissue to respiratory surface.  Transport of food : Blood transports digested food to different cells of the body. Maintenance of pressure :  Arteries produce a proper pressure of blood that helps to balance the atmospheric pressure.  Blood Clotting :   Transport of waste products : Blood transports the waste products of combines with ions of plasma to maintain a constant pH. cells and organs to the kidneys, lungs, skin and intestine, so that they may be eliminated. Sequence of events during clotting of blood : Injured tissue + Blood platelets Liver Vitamin K Thromboplastin Ca+2 Prothrombin Thrombin (active) (inactive) (In blood) Fibrinogen (soluble) Fibrin (insoluble) + dead RBCs + dead Bacteria + dead WBCs  Chemical coordination : Hormones produced by endocrine glands are distributed to the vital tissues by the blood.  Defence against infection :  When bacteria or any other disease causing pathogen enters the body. It is distroyed by WBCs (one type of WBCs; called lymphocytes produce Antibodies against specific pathogen) and so immunity against the disease is created in the body. Flow Chart Showing Clotting of Blood  THE HUMAN HEART The heart is a pumping organ that receives blood  Clotting of blood : from veins and pumps it into the arteries it is made up of cardiac muscles. It is situated in To thoracic cavity which lies above the diaphragm prevent excess bleeding, blood-platelets and some protein form clot so as to prevent further bleeding.  Water balance : Blood maintains body temperature constant and distributes and exchanges water between cytoplasm of cells. between the two lungs. It is enclosed in a double-walled membranous the pericardium. Chamber of The Heart : The Temperature regulation :  Heat produced by deeper tissues is taken to the body surface, so that it may be given out and thus body temperature is maintained.  Maintainance of body pH : interior of the heart is divided into four chambers which receive the circulatory blood .  The Auricles :  The two superior chamber are called the right and left auricles. The auricles are separated by a partition called the inter-atrial septum. The sinuatrial node (SAN) or the pacemaker is located in the upper wall of the Right atrium.  The Ventricles :  The two interior chambers of heart are the right and left ventricles. They are separated from each other by an inter-ventricular septum. Valves of The Heart : Valves are muscular flaps which prevent the blood to flow back through it. Two type of heart valves are distingushed :  The Atrio-Venticular Valves :  Figure : SHOWING DOUBLE CIRCULATION AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD OF PROVIDE OXYGEN. These valves separated the atria from the ventricles the right side of the heart possesses the tricuspid valve and left side of the heart possesses the bicuspid valve or mitral valves are  Pulmonary Circulation :  needed to avoid backward flow of blood in the chambers of the heat.  Semilunar Valves : These are located in the arteries leaving the heart.  Blood Flow Through The Heart :  The path of blood flow can be shown as under : Right Ventricle Deoxy. Right Auricle Vanae cavae Blood Pulmonary artery Systemic aorta  It is the circulation of blood between heart and different parts of the body except lungs. Oxygenated blood received by left auricle passes into left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps it into aorta for supply to different body parts including walls of the heart with the help of arteries.  Double circulatin is an improvement over single Oxy. Blood Pulmonary veins Left Auricle Deoxy. Blood Body  Systemic Circulation :  Lungs Pul mo nar Sys tem y Circu ic C lati on ircu lati on Oxy. Blood Left Ventricle DOUBLE CIRCULATION Double circulation has two components, pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. It is movement of blood from heart to the lungs and back. Deoxygenated blood of the body enters the righ auricle, passes into righ ventricle which pumps it into pulmonary arch, With the help of two separate pulmonary arteries the blood passes into the lungs.  circulation as the heart pumps both the types of bloods (oxygenated and deoxygenated) forcefully through the body. In amphibians and reptiles, the double circulation is incomplete due to mixing of the blood. It is complete in birds and mammals. TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS Some materials (gases) pass in and out of plants through diffusion. Other materials required for building plant body are obtained from soil, e.g. , nitrogen, phosphorus, other minerals, water. They have to be transported to long distances depending upon the size of the plant. There are two independent pathways having conducting tubes. One is xylem that moves water and minerals from soil to aerial parts. The other is phloem which carries food from the region of availability (e.g, leaves, storage organs) to the areas of utilsation.  Xylem (Wood) :  It is a complex tissue which transports sap (water and minerals). Xylem has four types of cells– xylem fibres, xylem parenchyma, tracheids and vessels. Vessels and tracheids are called tracheary elements because they take part in transport of sap. Both the tracheary elements have lignified wall .  Phloem :  It is complex tissue which takes apart in transport of food. Phloem has four types of cells – sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. Only phloem fibres are dead cells. Other are living cells. TRANSPIRATION Transpiratin is loss of water in vapour form from the exposed parts of a plant. There are three types of transpiration-lenticular, cuticular and stomatal. Lenticular transpiration is the loss of water in vapour form from lenticels present in the bark by stems. It is only 0.1% of the total. Cuticular transpiration is loss of water in vapour form through the cuticular covering of the leaves and other aerial parts. Amount of cuticular transpiration depends upon the thickness. Stomatal transpiration is loss of water vapours through stomata present over leaves and other soft aerial parts. It will always occur whenever stomata are open for gaseous exchange. Figure : TRANSPIRATION OR EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM AERIAL SURFACES CAUSING ABSORPTION AND ASCENT OF SAP.