Terminology and Tissues

Topic 1.1: Terminology and Tissues The Anatomical Position • Arms near sides • Palms facing forward Proximal and Distal • Proximal - Close to head • Distal - Far Superior and Inferior • Superior - Above • Inferior - Below Lateral and Medial Anterior and Posterior • Lateral - Further away • Anterior - front of body • Medial - Closer to the middle • Posterior - Back of body Deep and Superficial • Deep - More interior • Superficial - More exterior Transverse/Horizontal Plane • Divides into superior and inferior Sagittal Plane • Divides into left and right Frontal/Coronal Plane • Divides into anterior and posterior Topic 1.2: Bones Bones • 206 bones • 15% body weight • Fused by early 20’s • Living, growing tissue • Collagen (protein) and calcium (mineral) Bone features Function of bones • Support • Articular surfaces • Storage of Minerals and Lipids • Depressions • Protection • Blood Cell Production • Openings • Leverage • Foramen opening Joints Classification: Based on structure • Bony • Fibrous - don’t allow motion • Cartilaginous • Synovial - movable Classification: Based on motion • Synarthosis - no motion • Amphiarthrosis - a little motion • Diarthosis - most motion Topic 1.3: Joints Features of synovial joints Can be: • Two flat facets facing each other • A socket with a ball • Convex and concave surface • Any shape • Allows motion Types of Synovial joints: • Hinge (elbow) • Saddle (carpometacarple jointt • planar (acromioclavicular joint) • Pivot (Atlantoaxial joint) • Condyloid (metacarpophalangeal joint) • Ball and socket (hip joint) Function: Prevents friction between the articulating bones of the joint cavity Structure: Two bony surfaces that are encompassed by a fibrous capsule with a synovial lining Synovial fluid: lubricates the two ends of bones. Give nutrition to hyline cartilage Synovial membrane: reabsorbs fluid and remakes fluid and has high blood supply to keep the joint alive Synovial membrane: protect the joints they surround Hyaline cartilage: helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints. They are white, very strong, and allows for contact and weight bareing Fibrous membrane: its function is to provide physiological lubricant, the synovial fluid Articular cavity: provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient Bone Marrow: releases blood cells into the bloodstream when they are mature and when required Spongy bone: to house the bone marrow Compact Bone: provide strength and protection to bones Topic 1.4: Muscles Types of Muscles • Cardiac Muscle • Regulated by the heart’s pacemaker • Involuntary • Only in the heart • Has its own electrical regulation • Smooth Muscle • In arteries, digestive and urinary tracts • Involuntary • Skeletal Muscle • Produces skeletal movement Skeletal Muscle Function • Maintains posture • Pulls on bones to create shapes • Can store protein and energy • Keeps us warm • Guards entrances and exits Skeletal Muscle Features • Origin = muscle fibres on a bone (periosteum) cross a joint then form a tendon • Usually proximal • Insertion = attach skeletal muscles to bones • Action = contraction of muscle pulls insertion towards origin • Innervation = what nerve gives the muscle its message Muscle Contraction • Muscles that perform the intended motions are prime movers/agonists • e.g. biceps • Muscles performing opposite motions are antagonists. They relax as the prime mover contracts. • e.g. triceps