HED 235
Protein Worksheet
Student Name Anastasiya shak
Protein is a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
Protein is made up of building blocks called amino acids
About 20
amino acids, each with its different side chain, make up most of the
proteins of living tissue. The side chains make the amino acids differ in size, Shape,
and electrical charge. {Hydrophilic amino acids attract water, while hydrophobic amino
acids repel
water.} Currently 50000
aa sequences have been
identified in the human body; in other words 50,000 proteins have been identified in the
body. Protein sequencing is determined by one's genetic information, specifically DNA,
mRNA and tRNA. Sickle cell anemia results from a Sequencing error, in which
glutamic amino acid is inappropriately substituted with valine aa. When the body does
not recognize a protein present in the body, the body will respond by releasing antibodies
to attack it. This might occur when a body rejects an organ donation. However when the
body does recognize a foreign protein from previous exposure, it will have a ready supply
of the specific antibodies needed to disable it. The ability to have antibodies ready to
attack foreign proteins the body recognizes from previous exposure is known as
immunity
.}
There are some amino acids that the healthy adult body makes too slowly or cannot make at
all and these are called the
Essential
amino acids. In the first step of
making a protein, each amino acid is hooked to the next. A bond, called a peptide bond
bond, is formed between the amine group end of one and the carboxyl group end of the
next. The dramatically different Shapes
of proteins enable them to
perform different tasks in the body. Among the most fascinating of the proteins are the
enzymes
which act on other substances to change them chemically.
,
Proteins can be denatured by heat, alcohol, acids , bases or the salts of heavy metals.
During digestion of proteins, anearly step is denaturation by the stomach acid
In the stomach, the
HCL helps to uncoil the protein's strands SO that the stomach
enzymes can attack the peptide bonds. An enzyme, known as Pepsin
is present in the stomach and aids digestion. The stomach lining, which is made partly of
protein is protected by a coat of mucus Continual digestion, and finally
absorption, of protein takes place in the Small intestine
Protein serves many roles, including the support of
growth
and
the maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance and acid-base balance. Edema (flnid
retention in cells) may occur when blood protein levels are low as in the case of a protein
deficiency. Another name for this condition of edema, resulting from a protein deficient
diet is Kwashiorker
If insufficient fat and carb foods are
eaten, protein will be sacrificed to provide needed
energy
When
amino acids are degraded for energy g provides
calories), their amine
groups are stripped off and used elsewhere or incorporated by the
liver into
Urea
to be excreted by the kidney in the urine.
