Aerobics ACT-C03

ENGLISH TEST 45 Minutes-75 Questions DIRECTIONS: ln the five passages that follow, certain words and phrases аге underlined and numbered. ln the right-hand column, you will find alternatives for the underlined part. ln most cases, you are to choose the опе that best expresses the idea, makes the statement appropriate for standard written English, ог is worded most consistently with the style and tone of the passage as а whole. lf you think the original version is best, choose "NO CHANGE." ln some cases, you will find in the right-hand column а question about the underlined part. You аге to choose the best answer to the question. You will also find questions about а section of the pas­ sage, ог about the passage as а whole. These questions do not refer to an underlined portion of the passage, but rather аге_ identified Ьу а number or numbers in а Ьох. For each question, choose the alternative you consider best and fill in the corresponding oval оп your answer document. Read each passage throµgh once before you begin to answer the questions that accompany it. For many of the questions, you must read several sentences beyond the question to determine the answer. Ве sure that you have read far enough ahead each time you choose an alternative. PASSAGE 1 DouЫe the Manta Rays There are thou_s9nds of ne,v animal species identified 1 each year, the vast majority are small or geographically isolated. So as graduate student Andrea Marshall studied 1- А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE Scientists say thousands of ne,v animal species are Of the tlюusaпds of 11e,v animal species Thousands of ne,v animal species are 2. F. G. Н. J. NO CHANGE Mantas are Mantas, DELETE the underlined portion (adjusting the capitalization as needed). 3. А. В. C.D. NO CHANGE ,vings: up to t,venty-five feet ,vide­ ,vings, up to t,venty-five feet wide­ ,vings, up to 1,ve11ty-five feel ,vide: 4. F. G. Н. J. NO CHANGE variations-in the mantas variations, in the mantas, variations in the mantas manta rays, ,vhicl1 are neither small nor isolated, she didn't ' expect to identify а ne,v species. Mantas, ,vhicl1 are plankton-eating relatives of stingrays tl1at look like pairs of enormous Ыасk ,vings-up to twenty-five feet ,videз flying slo,vly through the ,vater. Encompassing wide swaths of both temperate and tropical oceans, tl1e manta's range abuts every continent but Antarctica. During Marshall's research off tbe coast of MozamЫque, she observed intriguing pl1ysical variations, in the mantas she s,vam amongst. 1 2 1 1 5. The 1vriter is considering deletiпg the under1ined sen­ tence. Should the 1vriter make this deletioп? А, Yes, because the sentence interrupts the account of how Marsball came to investigate the possibility that there 1vere two manta ray species. В, Yes, because the sentence fails to clarify ,vhy Marshall did her research in MozamЬique. С. No, because tbe sentence explains ho,v Marshall created а large scientific instilution even though she started as а lone researcher. D. No, because the sentence clarifies Marsl1all's role at the Marine Megafauna Center. ' Her beacbside lodgings in MozamЬique now house the Marine Megafauna Research Center. 5 Sl1e began to suspect that the one recognized species of manta might in fact Ье t\V0 species. [1] То investigate, Marshall began co11ecting data. [2] Other data required а closer look.. [З] The skin of all mantas, for exarnple, � embedded 1vith tiny, toothlike 6 .• "denticles." [4) Marshall found that denticles on sorne rnantas ,vere randornJy spaced and occasionally 6. F. G. Н. J. NO CHANGE happen to Ье \vere are 7. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE ,vas, that, 1vas that was, that overlapped, 1vhereas denticles оп other rnantas \Vere evenly spaced and never overlapped. [5] Another discovery 1vas: that some mantas had egg-shaped masses at the base --,-- of their tail fins. [6] Each mass contained а bony spine about an inch long-the vestige of а stinging barb from the manta's ancestors. 0 8. The ,vriter wanls to add the follo,ving sentence to this paragraph: Sorne of the data ,vere basic, such as manta coloration and size. The sentence 1vould mosl logically Ье placed: F. after Sentence 1. G. after Sentence 2. Н. after Sentence 3. J. after Sentence 4. ' 9. �Vhich choice best conveys that Marshall's announce­ ment ,vas backed Ьу scientific data? А. NOCHANGE В. sнrprised rnany scientists Ьу announcing С. had the evidence to announce D. at long last announced In 2009, Marshall annotшced, 1vith t1vo other scientists, that indeed there � t1vo manta species. The reef manta, 10 Manta a/fгedi, is the smaller and more common of the 11vo. Thriving in shallo,v ,vater, it kind of sticks around one area. In contrast, the 11 giant manta, Ma11ta Ьirost,·is, favors deep 1vater and migrates tl1ot1sands of rriiles а year. 3 10. F. G. Н. J. NOCHANGE exists was are 11. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE rarely ventures far from its home lerritory. doesn' t delight in slogging long distances. loves hanging a1·ound its neighborhood. 12. F. NO CHANGE G. 1vhether Н. 1vhich Tl1e fact tliat such large aniшals 1vent undifferentiated J. ho1v 13. А. NO CHANGE В. for so long highlights ho1v little scientists k□ow l1ighligbts ho1v little scientists kno1v for so long about 13 С. highlights for so long ho1v little scientists kno1v D. higl1lights how for so long little scientists know 14. Whicl1 of the follo1ving true statements best concludes these ge11tle gia□ts. At the шошеnt, шanta ray populations 14 face an array of threats 1vorld1vide. 14 this paragraph and the essay Ьу suggesting that the sci­ entific study of шanta rays 1vill continue? F. NOCHANGE G. А 2009 docuшentary film about Dr. Marshall related the story of her manta-species discovery. И. Dr. Marshall once described the manta ray as "like tl1e largest, most beautiful undeпvater bird." J. Fortunately, mantas l1ave а devoted and expert researcher in Dr. Marshall. Question 15 asks about the preceding passage as а whole. 15. Suppose that the ,vriter's purpose had been to survey the scientific community's response to the identifica­ tion of the t,vo manta species. Would this essay accom­ plish that purpose? А. Yes, because it explains tl1at the scientific commu­ nity enthusiastically accepted tl1e identification of the t1vo manta species. В. Yes, because it relates that Matsha\l's research 1vas thorough and 1ve\l documented. С. No, because it presents only one scientist's response to the identification of tl1e t,vo manta species. D. No, because it focuses оп ho,v Marshall's research led to the discovery of the t,vo manta species. _ PASSAGE 11 Origins of Aspirin When а plant is attacked Ьу bacteria, fungi, or insects, it produces chemicals, called salicylates, that help the plant produce enzymes or toxins сараЫе of destroying the plant's attackers. Salicylates may also play а role in the 16. F. NO CHANGE G. temperature, l1elping plant's ability to regulate its temperature; in effect, helping " Н. temperature, this helps J. temperature. As а result, helping the plant tolerate l1eat and cold. Humans have used the 17. А. NO CHANGE В. piants-particularly in the bark-of the 1vil101v salicylic acids found in plants, paniculatly in the batk 17 of the 1villo,v tree, to fight disease and to reduce fevers. 17 tree, С. plants; particulariy in the bark of the ,villow tree, D. piants particularly, in the bark of the willo,v tree, 4 1 1 The first known references to willow bark's medicinal use date from ancient Egypt and Sumeria. On а Sumerian stone taЫet from 3000 ВСЕ, lists willo1v among dozens of J8 plants used to treat illnesses. An Egyptian papyrus from 18. F. G. Н. J. NO CHANGE 1vil101v is listed among wil101v is listed on lists wil101v on approximately about 1534 ВСЕ refers to willow's use as 19. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE an estimation of in the region of about " nn all-purpose medicine. Tbough 1villow trees are often found near waJer 20 and have become reHgious symbols in many cultures, 20 its medicinal use gradually fell out of favor in Europe. 20. Given that all the choices are tru·e, 1vhich one would provide the most logical transition to the new subject of this·paragraph? F. NOCHANGE G. While the use of 1vil10,v bark remained а common­ place method to reduce aches, pains, and fevers around the 1vorld, Н. Though the ancient Egyptian physician Imhotep ,vas worshipped as а god of healing and thought to have used ,villow bark, J. Despite the fact that possiЫe side effects to using willow bark could sometimes include stomach aches and dizziness, Apothecaries increasingly preferred the imported bark of 21 South American cinchona trees as а fever reducer, even 21. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE ,vould of preferred 1vill prefer prefer 22. F. G. Н. J. NO CHANGE Importing the high price tag,of The high importation cost of Importing cinchona bark ho1vever, 1vas expensive. 23 23. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE bark; ho1vever, bark, ho1vever, bark, ho1vever Consequently, in the mid-1700s, English minister 24 24. F. G. Н. J. NO CHANGE Nevertheless, Furtl1ermore, Like,vise, Ed1vard Stone had began to seek а substitute. Не 25. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE wou]d have began begun began though 1vil101v gre1v abundantly throughout Europe. The high cost of imporling " --,,-- noted that tl1e bitter taste of 1vil101v bark ,vas reminiscent of the Ьitter taste of cinchona bark. 5 Kno,vn aiso for his interest in astronoшy, Stone " 26. Given tl1at all the choices are accurate, ,vl1icl1 one pro­ vides the nюst logical transition from the preceding sentence? F. NO CHANGE G. Assuming diseases and their cures derive from the same environments, Н. Believing that the t,vo plants must share siшilar .qua]iHes, J. Living on the outskirts of the to,vn of Chipping Norton, pulverized some willow bark and adds its po,vder 27. А. В. С. О. to а liquid. Не adшiniste,·ed the шedicine to people " 28. Which cboice best empl1asizes the experimental nature of the liquid Stone created? F. NOCHANGE G. Не tested his ne\Y concoction оп Н. ТЬе liquid ,vas given to benefit J. Не decided to give the drink to suffering from fevers, he then noted tl,at it ,vorked. " As tl1e field of niedicine evolved, so did tl1e use of 29. А. • в. С. О. " ,villow bark. Searching for а ,vay to make tbe salicylic NO CHANGE then added it's added its adds it's NO CHANGE fevers, he was elated to find that fevers ,vhich fevers. It Question 30 asks about the preceding passage as а whole. acid in ,villo,v bark Iess abrasive to the stomacb, in 1853 Frencl1 chemist Charles von Gerhardt created а synthetic 30. Suppose the ,vriter's primary purpose ltad been to out­ line the development of а comшon medicine. Would this essay accomplish that рш·роsе? F. Yes, because the essay describes how Egyptians used to administer willo,v bark and ho,v this process evolved from ancient Sumerian practices. G. Yes, pecause t_he essay documents tl1e historical use of ,villo,v bark as а medicine and traces its gradual refinement into modern aspirin. Н. No, because the essay prirnarily explains the func­ tion of salicylates in ,villo,v bark and 110,v aspirin affects the human body. J. No, because the essay primarily cornpares the use of ,villo,v bark to the use of cinchona bark in eighteenth-century European medicine. version. Decades later, German chemist Fe]ix Hoffmann coшblned synthetic salicylic acid ,vith acetic acid, inventing а consumer-friendly po,vdered formula that \voutd соте to Ье known as aspirin. 6 1 1 PASSAGE 111 Good Vibrations In bls studio in Dusseldorf, Germany, 31. А. NO CHANGE В. there is paint carefully being poured Ьу photogra­ pher Martin КJimas С. paint is carefully poured Ьу Martin Кlimas, а photographer, D. photographer Martin Юimas carefully pours paint paint is ,vhat photographer Martin КJimas 31 carefully pours onto а rubber membrane placed 31 оп top of an audio speaker. The paint collects in а puddle of colors; rich oranges and po,vder Ыues, з, hot pinks and electric yellows. Кlimas attaches his 32. F. G. Н. J. camera to а tripod and positions the camera so it is 33. Which of the follo,ving alternatives to the underlined portion would NOT Ье ассерtаЫе? А. tripod, and he В. tripod and he С. tripod. Не • D. tripod; he Jeve\ ,vith the paint puddle. Не then sets а sound 34. F. G. Н. J. --,,-- --,-,-- trigger (а device that automatically snaps а photo when а given sound level is reached) on his camera. NO CHANGE colors: rich oranges and po,vder Ыues, colors: rich oranges; and powder Ыues colors; rich oranges and po,vder Ыues; NO CHANGE eye-to-eye ,vith the same as equal to Finally, Ье inserts Daft Punk's Home,vork CD into а 35. Which choice provides the most dramatic description of Klimas's action? А. NOCHANGE В. turns. the volume knob а Ьit higher, • С. increases the volume of the output, D. adjusts the speaker's output level. stereo, cranks up the volume to ten, and pushes Play. 35 The result is what Klimas calls а "sonic sculpture." The vibrations produced Ьу Daft Punk's dапсе anthem "Around the World" has caused tl1e paint to rise and 36. F. G. Н. J. 36 fall, to string and swiгl·, to splatter and stretch. 11 is this image that Юimas's camera captures-sound NO CHANGE cause is causing caпses 37. А. NO CHANGE В. pic, frozen iп time's embrace that Кlimas's camera has snappedC. picture that Кlimas's ptюtographic paraphernalia has managed to catchD. snapshot that Кlimas's photographic machine snares- 37 visually rendered Ьу the effects of the vibrations оп the paint. Although Klimas's photographs only capture ап instant of the paint erupting in arcs of color, eacl1 of the photographs is unique to а given song. 7 38. Which of the follo,ving quotations from Кlimas pro­ vides the шost relevant inforшation at tbls point in the essay? F. NOCHANGE G. "Т11е most an110ying tl1ing ,vas cleaning up the set thoroughly after every single shot," Н. "ln general, I use noпnal photograpl1ic equipment . and common music stuff/' J, "Tl1e shooting is mostly about repeating lhe process again and again," " "I Ieave the creation of the picture to tl1e sound itself," Кlimas says. Кlimas's idea for his sonic sculplures ,vere sparked 39 Ьу tbe experiшents, of S,viss scientist, Hans Jenny. In tl1e " " l 960s, Jenny's study оп tl1e effects of sound vibrations on various materials. For ехашрlе, Jenny discovered that Jo,v sonic tones cщ1sed po,vdery substances to form into 39. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE have Ьееп was are 40. F. G. Н. J. NO CHANGE expeiiшents, of Swiss scie111is1 experiments of S1viss, scien1ist experiшenls of S1viss scientist 41. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE ,vhile Jenny sludied Jenny, 10 study Jenny studied uniform lines, while deeper tones caused the same po,vder to form into пюrе nuanced patterns. 0 Кlimas relies 42. AI lhis point, the wriler is considering dividing the paragraph inlo two. Should the ,vriter begin or not begin а new paragraph l1ere, and ,vhy? F. Begin а ne,v paragraph because the essay shifts here froш an explana1ion of the harmonics of music to а discussion of K1imas's taste in music. G. Begin а ne,v paragraph because tl1e essay shifts here from а discussion of Jenny's experiments 10 а discussion of the шusic Кliшas uses for his arlwork. Н. DO NOT begin а ne,v paragraph because doing so would iпterrupt tl1e analysis of Jenny's experiшenls. J. DO NOT begin а new paragraph because doing so would interrupl а description of Кliшas's scientific background. on similar principles, only ,vith а more compelling coшponent: music. Кliшas has photograpbed sonic sculptures of classical music Ьу Wagner and Bacl1; jazz Ьу Miles Davis, Charlie Parker, and John Coltrane; and psychedelic rock Ьу Pink Floyd and Jimi Hendrix. While he ackno,vledges that all forms of music 43. А. В. С. D. can generate sonic sculptures. Klimas says, "1 43 typically select something dynamic and percussive." NO CHANGE sculplures, and sculplures, sc11lplures; 44. Which sentence most effectively Jeads the reader fюm the Кlimas quotalion to lhe concluding sentence of the essay? F. NOCHANGE G. That's simply а matter of taste. Н. That seeшs un,vise. J. Tl1at makes sense. That would certainly impress Jenny. After all, to create 44 his art, Кlimas needs his paint to get up and dance. 8 1 1 Question 45 asks about the preceding passage as а whole. 45. Suppose the writer's primary purpose had been to doc­ ument the process of an artist. Would this essay accomplish that purpose? А. Yes, because the essay focuses·on ho,v Jenny used an artistic process similar to Кlimas's process. В. Yes, because the essay describes bo,v Кlimas pho­ tographs the effects of vibrations created Ьу music on paint. С. No, because the essay focuses on the cultural sig­ nificance of Кlimas's art1vork. D. No, Ьесанsе the essay provides а general overview of how Jenny's experiments bave inspired visual artists like Кlimas. PASSAGE IV Building and Rebnilding "the Кing of Roads" [1] Separating Oregon from Washington, the Columbla River Gorge is eighty-five miles of f101ving 46. F. G. Н. J. 1vater, there are tree-covered Ьluffs, and roaring 1vaterfalls. 46 NO CHANGE tree-covered Ыuffs flank the river, featurihg tree-covered Ыuffs, tree-covered Ьluffs, 47. Wblch cboice most clearly indicates tbat the features of the Columbla River Gorge intimidated road builders and kept them from constructing the high1vay? А. NOCHANGE В. posed proЫems for С. slo,ved potential D. challenged These striking features daunted would-be road builders 47 until 1913. That year, Samuel Hill and Samuel Lancaster, а b11sinessman and an engineer, respectively, began constructing а road through the gorge to coпnect the towns along the river. [А] Their design went beyond practica\ities it showcased the scenic grandeur of the 48. F. G. Н. J, NO CHANGE practicalities: and practicalities: practicalities, gorge ,vhere the Columbla River is Jocated. 49. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE gorge, 1vhich is over eighty miles Jong. gorge and its scenery. gorge. " 49 9 1 [2] Featuring seven viaducts and eighteen bridges, tl1e ColumЬia River Юghway 1vas а mar1•el. [В] Roadside overlooks with benches fог sitting Ьу tlie road offered 50. F. G. Н. J. travelers the chance to take in а view of the river or 51. А. NO CHANGE В. up с. оп D. DELETE the underlined portion. " " а waterfall. Guardrails made of !оса! rock lined the route and Ыurred the distinction bet,veen that and 52 environment. [С] Engineers created 52. F. G. Н. J. 0 openings in NO CHANGE alongside tl1e road for travelers DELETE tl1e u11derli11ed portion. NO CHANGE tbls and the road and it and it's 53. At tbls point, tl1e ,vriter is coпsidering adding the fol­ lo,ving accurate phrase: an unprecedented five Should the ,vriter make this addition here? А. Yes, because it adds а detail that higl1lights the impressive desigп of tl1e l1igh,vay. В. Yes, because it hints at ho,v the engineers ,vere аЫе to make openings in the tunneJ. С. No, because it provides information that is unre­ lated to the sentence. D- No, because it suggests tliat crealing intricate tun­ neis ,vas easy for road engiпeers. tbe side of one tunnel; enaЫing motorists surrounded Ьу " rock to glimp_se the river belo1v. Completed in 1922, the highway earned the !оса! nickname "the King of Roads." 54. F. G. Н. J. NO CHANGE tunnel; ап acl1ievemenl that enaЫed tunnel, tl1is enaЫed tunnel, enaЫing 55. А. В. С. D. NO CHANGE WJ1e1i Soon DELETE the underlined portion. (З] lmpressive as it was, the higl11vay was soon outmoded because of increased traffic and larger vehicles. In time, --,,- Oregon built а ne1v road along the ColumЬia, much of the high,vay ,vas destroyed to make room; other·stretches were abandoned. Ву J 954, only the ,vestern third of the original road ,vas still in .use, mainly Ьу tourists seeking 56. F. NO CHANGE G. road that first existed continued in а functional capacity, Н. higl1way that was completed in 1922 continued to Ье utilized, J. original highway 1vas still being utilized Ьу the driving populace, " ,vaterfalls. [D] 10