Schools and Achievement Vocabulary

SCHOOLS AND ACHIEVEMENT, CHAPTER 16. VOCABULARY-DEFINE 1-Constructivist approach: a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. 2-Direct Instruction Approach: a teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic material, high expectations for students’ progress, and maximum time spent on learning tasks. 3-Child centered kindergarten: education that involves the whole child by considering both the child’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child’s needs, interests and learning styles. 4-Montessori approach: an educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire. 5-Project Head Start: compensatory education designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success. 5-Learning disabilities: disabilities involving understanding or using spoken or written language. The difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, spelling or mathematics. To be classified as a learning disability, the problem must not be primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or environmental, cultural or economic disadvantage. 6-Dyslexia: a category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell. 7-Dysgraphia: a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting. 8-Dyscalculia: also known as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation. 9-ADHD: a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. 10-Autism: a severe developmental autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. 11-Asperger Syndrome: a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal skills, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships. 12-Education for All Handicapped Children’s Act of 197: required that all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education. 13-Intrinsic motivation: internal motivational factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge and effort. 14-Extrinsic motivation: response to external incentives such as rewards and punishments. 15-Mastery motivation: an approach to achievement in which one is task oriented, focusing on learning strategies and the achievement process rather than ability or the outcome. 16-Mindset, fixed and growth: dweck’s concept referring to the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves; individuals have either a fixed or growth mindset. 17-Self efficacy: the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. FACTS TO MEMORIZE 1-List 3 categories requiring special education. ● learning disabilities ● Intellectual disabilities ● Spreads and language impairments *ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE* 1-Regarding education and achievement, how did your personal ethnicity and socio-economics impact these aspects of development? - My personal ethnicity and socio-economics inspected my education and achievements in many ways such as not having the same opportunities other children could have in a different borough or social class. I am Puerto Rican and grew up in the south Bronx and have lived in the projects all of my life. The Bronx is one of the most underdeveloped boroughs in my opinion and it reflects on the type of stores, services and schools we have. Schools are underfunded and overflowing with students to the point where they cannot adequately assess every child, but luckily the schools I was able to attend by my house did the absolute best they could and I am very thankful for it. 2-What do you think about integrating education? - I believe education should definitely be integrated because systemic racism is so deeply rooted in the society and economy and I feel as though that it reflects the most in our education system. We can change this beginning with the integration of school. Schools that have students from Latino and African American descent are usually attending schools that are extremely underfunded compared to schools that host white or Asian american students. With low funds comes the inability to learn properly and these students aren’t able to have access to opportunities that can improve their future unlike a white american child in a private school with laptops and study programs.