University:
Boston University
Course:
CAS BI 203 | Cell Biology
Academic year:

2021
Views:

281

Pages:

4
Author:

sonalhava9qv

Biology EOC Notes Characteristics of life Organization, Response to stimuli, Reproduction, Evolution, Homeostasis, Metabolism Cell theory 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest units of living organisms. 3. All cells come from other cells Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Monomer monosaccharide Fatty acid amino acid nucleotide Function fast energy long term energy muscle energy Codes for traits Function Structure cell membrane Act like enzymes direct cell activity Elements CHO CHO CHON CHONP Enzymes Enzymes can break down sugars or other substances. When an enzyme can no longer function, it has DENATURED. An enzyme can become denatured if not at the proper temperature or pH. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No nucleus Has nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Has membrane-bound organelles Bacteria Protists, Fungi, Animals, Plants Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a cell membrane. Cell Parts Nucleus- Stores DNA Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) - Produces proteins and lipids Golgi apparatus- Protein packs Mitochondria- Energy production Cell membrane - helps maintain homeostasis Ribosomes- Site of protein synthesis Cytoplasm - fluid inside the cell that suspends the organelles. Vesicles - They transport substances around or out of the cell. Cellular Transport Passive - Does not require energy (ATP) Active - Requires ATP energy Osmosis - transport of water through the membrane Diffusion - movement from high concentration to low Facilitated diffusion - uses protein, not energy Osmotic Solutions Hypertonic- High concentration of solute Hypotonic- Low concentration of solute Isotonic- Equal concentration of solute Energy production Cellular respiration - Occurs in mitochondria (All organisms do CR) Photosynthesis - Occurs in the chloroplast (plants only) DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid *Found in Nucleus and is in the shape of a double helix * Made up of Nucleotides **Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate, a sugar (deoxyribose) and a nitrogen base 4 Nucleotides Adenine pairs with Thymine Cytosine pairs with Guanine DNA replication: makes a new copy of DNA Cell Cycle ● Interphase - Cell spends 90% of its time in this phase. ○ G1 - Growth, development, cell functions ○ S - "synthesis" DNA replication occurs ○ G2 - Growth and preparation for cell division ● Mitosis- Somatic cells (body cells, skin, liver, etc.) ○ Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears ○ Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. ○ Anaphase: chromosomes separate ○ Telophase: two nuclei are formed, preparation for cytokinesis ● Cytokinesis: the cell completely divides into 2 identical cells ● Meiosis - Sex cells (gametes; sperm and eggs only!) ○ Gametes are haploid: half of the amount of chromosomes ○ Human gametes have 23 chromosomes. Children inherit 23 from mom, 23 from dad - total of 46 MEIOSIS I Prophase I (Crossover occurs) Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I MEIOSIS II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

Characteristics of Life Notes

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