Renaissance Landscapes and the Figuration of Giambologna's Appennino

RENAISSANCE LANDSCAPES AND THE FIGURATION OF GIAMBOLOGNA’S APPENNINO: AN ECOCRITICAL ANALYSIS ABSTRACT This dissertation pioneers an ecocritical examination of the colossal monument Appennino (1580) by Giambologna (1529-1608). Because of its scale, form, and materials, the Appennino calls attention to the natural environment in an emphatic manner. A sculpted human figure, a representation of a mountain, and discrete passages of natural landscape are present in it. Living rock, fragments of lava and stalactites, and plant life simultaneously figure the human form and the Apennine landscape. These figurations prompt consideration of the relationships between art and nature and between illusion and materiality in Renaissance art. These interactions can be understood not only as generative processes, but also in terms of destructive ones. I argue that these artnature and human-landscape interactions illuminate environmental concerns of the Renaissance. A central concern of this dissertation is how the interactions between art, nature, and beholders in the Italian Renaissance reflect latent ecological anxiety. To demonstrate this, I take the Appennino as a point of departure and situate it within multiple frameworks: sixteenth-century natural history, botanical, and geological endeavors; early modern reception of landscapes; art historical tropes of art-nature relationships; and Renaissance artists’ engagement with nature. In Chapter One, I survey the scholarship on this monument and explain how the materials used to create it were understood, used, and valued during the Renaissance. In Chapter Two, I discuss the comprehension and experiences of mountains and caves (the environments that produced the Appennino’s materials) in the Renaissance. In Chapter Three, I examine the multiple iterations of landscape within the monument, drawing attention to art theoretical issues such as “third nature,” the “image made by chance,” and tension between illusion and materiality that are manifest in the Appennino and that illuminate its entropic situation. In Chapter Four, I consider the multiple ways that the human figure can be understood relative to the monument and how the Appennino’s figural form engages art history in an exceptional manner, destabilizing conventional art historical notions of form and style. Finally, I evaluate the ecological and ecocritical significance of the monument’s afterlife, arguing that the Appennino maintains an ambivalent relationship with nature.