Genetic Inheritance and Gene Expression Part 4

MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 16) WRK–Work Interference a. scale assesses attitudes and behaviors likely to contribute to poor work performance b. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. report a wide variety of attitudes/behaviors that are likely to contribute to poor work performance 2. may be questioning their career choices 3. say their families have not approved of their career choices 4. express negative attitudes about co-workers 5. have a poor self-concept 6. are obsessive and have troubles concentrating 7. have difficulties making decisions and show poor judgment 8. feel tense and fearful 9. report that they are not able to work as they once were 10. report feeling tired of work, lack energy, and are sick of what they have to do 11. give up easily and shrink from facing a crisis c. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. do not report attitudes/behaviors that inhibit work performance 2. seem to be ambitious/energetic 3. express positive attitudes towards co-workers 4. seem comfortable with career choices 5. can concentrate and make decisions without undue difficulty 6. can work effectively 17) TRT–Negative Treatment Indicators a. assesses attitudes toward psychotherapy b. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have negative attitudes about physicians and mental health professionals 2. feel that no one can understand them 3. believe that they have problems that they cannot share with anyone else 4. give up easily when problems are encountered 5. feel unable to make changes in their lives 6. are poor problem solvers 7. often show poor judgment 8. prefer pharmacotherapy to psychotherapy 9. have a difficult time making decisions c. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have generally positive attitudes about physicians and mental health workers 2. believe others can understand them and share problems with others 3. do not give up easily when they encounter problems 4. feel capable of making significant changes 5. show good judgment and are good problem solvers O. Supplementary Scales 1) assist in the interpretation of the basic scales MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 2) augment the coverage of clinical problems and disorders 3) Es–Ego Strength a. Barron, 1953 b. developed to assess whether a person is likely to respond well to therapy c. empirically derived 1. 17 clients who had clearly improved in therapy were compared to 16 clients who were unimproved d. used to assess ability to manage stressful situations and adaptability e. 52 items f. may be redundant with Pt Scale g. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of persons who: 1. are stable, reliable, resourceful and tolerant 2. can tolerate confrontation within the therapy setting h. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of persons who: 1. have low self-esteem and poor self concept 2. have difficulties managing daily affairs 3. are withdrawn, inhibited and mild mannered 4. have good treatment intentions but do not act on them 5. have a poor prognosis for therapy outcome 4) Mac-R--MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised Scale a. developed to predict alcoholism b. compared 200 male alcoholics to 200 non-alcoholics presenting for treatment c. 49 items d. has been expanded to include substance abuse and addictive personalities e. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of persons who: 1. may have an addictive personality 2. have a strong likelihood of substance abuse 3. have character flaws that could lead to either social deviance and criminality or alcohol and drug abuse 4. incarcerated criminals tend to have elevated MAC-R scores 5. high scores on this scale are predictive of delinquent activities f. T-Scores 55-65 are indicative of: 1. somewhat suggestive of substance abuse 2. however, there are many false positives in this range g. T-Scores < 55 are indicative of: 1. a contraindication of a substance abuse problem. 5) APS–Addiction Potential Scale a. Weed, Butcher, McKenna, & Ben-Porath (1992) b. 39 items that were endorsed differently by substance abusers compared with both nonclinical and psychiatric inpatient samples c. no item contains obvious reference to substance abuse d. see the MAC-R for T-scores 6) AAS–Addiction Acknowledgment Scale a. Weed, Butcher, McKenna, & Ben-Porath (1992) b. 13 items that were selected because of their obvious content relation to substance abuse supplemented by internal consistency procedures c. more face-valid than the APS MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve d. see the MAC-R for T-scores 1. however, because the items for this scale were selected for their face validity, the absence of an elevation on this scale cannot be taken as a negative indicator of substance abuse 2. bottom line: elevations are indicative of some sort of substance abuse problem; lack of elevation does not mean there is no problem 7) A–Anxiety Scale a. Welsh 1956 1. based on a factor analytic study of the basic validity and clinical scales of the MMPI 2. it is the first factor that comes out b. 39 items c. T-Scores > 65 (marked elevation) are indicative of individuals who: 1. are anxious and uncomfortable 2. have a slow personal tempo 3. are pessimistic, apathetic, unemotional, shy, and retiring 4. lack confidence in themselves 5. are hesitant and vacillating 6. are inhibited and overcontrolled 7. are influenced by diffuse personal feelings 8. are defensive 9. rationalize and blame others for their problems 10. lack social poise 11. are conforming and compliant with authority 12. have a high commitment to feminine values 13. are confused and disorganized under stress 14. are motivated in therapy once trust has been established d. T-Scores 58-64 (moderate elevation) are indicative of individuals who: 1. are reporting a significant degree of anxiety and distress 2. are usually motivated for treatment due to levels of distress e. Normal range: T-Scores 45-57 e. T-Scores < 44 (low scores) are indicative of individuals who: 1. lack anxiety or uncomfortableness 2. are active, vigorous, expressive, colorful and verbally fluent 3. are frank and outspoken, friendly, and informal 4. who assume the ascendant role in relationships 5. are persuasive 6. are efficient, capable, clear thinking, versatile and resourceful 7. are self-confident 8. are competitive and value success and achievement 9. have an increased need for power, status, and recognition 10. manipulate others 11. have a decreased impulse control 12. have a low delay for gratification 13. prefer action to thought 14. act without considering the consequences 8) R-Repression Scale a. Welsh 1956 MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 1. based on a factor analytic study of the basic validity and clinical scales of the MMPI 2. it is the second factor that comes out b. 37 items c. T-Scores > 58 (moderate and marked elevations) are indicative of individuals who: 1. are submissive, unexcitable, conventional, and formal 2. are clear thinking 3. are painstakingly careful 4. lead a cautious lifestyle and strive to avoid unpleasantness 5. are unwilling to discuss their behavior and any problems they may have d. Normal range: T-Score 45-57 e. T-Scores < 44 (low scores) are indicative of individuals who: 1. are outgoing, energetic, expressive, uninhibited, and informal 2. have an enthusiasm for living 3. tend to be emotional, excitable, aggressive, shrewd and dominant 9) O-H--Overcontrolled Hostility a. Megaree, Cook, Mendelsohn, 1967 b. contrasted answers made by violently assaultive prisoners with answers made by nonviolent prisoners c. provides a measure of an individual’s capacity to tolerate frustrations without retaliating d. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. report fewer angry feelings and decreased verbal hostility 2. are more socialized and responsible 3. respond to provocation appropriately most of the time 4. occasionally display exaggerated aggressive responses e. T-Scores < 40 1. not much data 2. may indicate chronic aggressive or individuals who are quite appropriate in the expression of their aggression 10) Do–Dominance Scale a. Gough, McClosky, & Meehl, 1951 b. 30 items c. assesses an individual’s tendency to be ascendant and controlling in interpersonal relationships d. constructed by contrasting groups of high school or college aged individuals who were nominated by peers as being high or low in dominance of social relationships e. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are poised, self-assured and take social initiative 2. are persevering, resolute, and display leadership skills 3. are confident in their ability to cope with environmental demands f. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are submissive, unassertive, and easily influenced by others 2. are lacking in self-confidence and feel inadequate in handling their problems MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 3. have difficulties being assertive 4. criminals tend to have low Do scores 11) Re–Social Responsibility Scale a. Gough, McClosky, Meehl, 1952 b. 30 items which assess concern for social and moral issues c. scale constructed on 50 college males and 50 college females in the Greek system, 123 social science students, and 221 9th grade students who were divided into responsible and irresponsible groups d. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have a deep concern over ethical and moral problems 2. have a strong sense of justice 3. set high standards for themselves 4. reject privilege and favor 5. place excessive emphasis on carrying their share of duty 6. have trust and confidence in the world in general 7. high scores on this scale indicate that the individual is less likely to be involved in criminal activity e. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are unwilling to accept responsibility for their behaviors 2. have low integrity 3. are less rigid and more carefree 4. are spontaneous 5. deny social value systems in favor of idiosyncratic values 6. are in the process of changing their value system or religion 7. criminals also have low Re scores 12) Mt–College Maladjustment a. Kleinmutz, 1960 b. 41 items designed to discriminate between emotionally well-adjusted and maladjusted college students c. constructed on 40 adjusted students compared to 40 maladjusted students d. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are ineffectual, pessimistic, anxious and worried 2. have a tendency to procrastinate 3. have somatic complaints 4. feel that life is a strain e. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are optimistic, conscientious, and relatively free of emotional discomfort 13) PK–Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale a. Keane, Malloy, & Fairbank, 1984 b. 60 items that measure PTSD symptoms c. scale constructed by comparing male VA patients with various Axis I diagnoses who had PTSD symptoms to male VA patients with various Axis I diagnoses who did not have PTSD symptoms d. need to have other measures to help in identifying subgroups of men and women suffering from PTSD e. still being refined 14) PS–Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale a. Schlenger & Kulka, 1987 MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve b. 46 items measuring unwanted disturbing thoughts, lack of emotional control, and feeling misunderstood and mistreated c. scale constructed by comparing 60 male Vietnam vets with PTSD to 60 male Vietnam vets without PTSD d. still being refined e. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have intense emotional distress and anxiety 2. have sleep disturbances 3. experience guilt and depression 4. report unwanted disturbing thoughts 5. fear a loss of emotional and cognitive control 6. feel misunderstood and mistreated f. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. do not report emotional distress, anxiety, guilt or depression 2. do not report unwanted disturbing thoughts 3. do not fear a loss of cognitive or emotional control 4. do not feel misunderstood or mistreated 15) GM–Masculine Gender Role and GF–Feminine Gender Role a. Peterson, 1989 b. GM scale consists of 47 items that were endorsed in the scored direction by a majority of males but only 10% (or less) of females c. GF scale consists of 46 items that were endorsed in the scored direction by the majority of females but only 10% (or less) of males d. 9 of the 47 GM items and 16 of the 46 GF items are on the MF scale e. T-Scores > 65: 1. GM–male a) high self confidence b) strong persistence c) wide interests d) lack of fears 2. GM–females a) high self-confidence b) honesty c) willingness to try new things d) lack of worries 3. GF–male a) religiosity b) avoidance of swearing and cursing c) frankness in pointing out faults of others d) bossiness e) poor control over their temper f) susceptibility to abuse of alcohol and other nonprescription drugs 4. GF–female a) religiosity b) problems with substance abuse f. High GM & Low GF 1. stereotypical masculinity g. High GF & Low GM 1. stereotypical femininity MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve h. High GF & High GM 1. androgyny i. Low GF & Low GM 1. undifferentiated orientation j. THIS SCALE IS STILL CONSIDERED EXPERIMENTAL IN NATURE; INTERPRET WITH CAUTION 16) PSY-5 Scales a. created by Harkness, McNulty, & Ben-Porath (1995) to coincide with the Big Five Personality Traits 1. they are models of traits designed to aid in personality description and to complement personality disorder diagnoses with quantitative dimensions 2. the PSY-5 scales were created by first analyzing fundamental topics of the personality disorders in the DSM-III-R and normal personality trait terms 3. Harkness & MCNulty (1994) then collected and analyzed 603 psychological similarity matrices obtained from 201 participants to examine the internal structure of normal personality and personality disorders 4. the results indicated a hierarchical structure a) the upper level of the hierarchy is a five-dimensional model composed of: i. aggressiveness ii. psychoticism iii. constraint iv. negative emotionality/neuroticism v. positive emotionality/extraversion b. AGGR (Agressiveness) 1. focuses on offensive and instrumental aggression 2. scores >65 are indicative of persons who: a) enjoy intimidating others and use aggression as a tool to accomplish goals i. use offensive aggression b) interpersonally, high scores are linked to dominance and hate c) have a strong desire for power and influence d) are likely to be violent and cruel c. PSYC (Psychoticism) 1. assesses disconnection from reality a) unshared beliefs, as well as unusual sensory and perceptual experiences 2. Alienation and unrealistic expectation of harm are also assessed 3. scores >65 are indicative of persons who: a) have a higher probability of delusions of reference b) have thinking that is disorganized, bizarre, disoriented, circumstantial or tangential c) “think away from reality,” have perceptual aberrations, and espouse magical ideation d. DISC (Disconstraint) 1. scores >65 are indicative of persons who: a) are risk taking, impulsive and less traditional b) have a tendency to prefer romantic partners who have the same features c) tend to be easily bored with routine MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve d) have an increased level of rule breaking and higher levels of criminality e) tend to ignore moral codes 2. scores <40 are indicative of persons who: a) are risk-aversive, have high levels of personal control, hold traditional moral views, have an increased level of rule following, and low levels of criminality e. NEGE (Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism) 1. scores >65 are indicative of persons who: a) focus on problematic aspects of information b) worry c) are self-critical d) feel guilty e) feel nervous f) create worst-case scenarios g) experience negative affect and emotion f. Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality (INTR) 1. scores >65 are indicative of persons who: a) experience little joy or positive engagement 2. scores of <40 are indicative of persons who: a) experience positive affect b) seek out and enjoy social experiences c) have the energy to pursue goals and be engaged in life’s tasks 17) Subtle & Obvious subscales a. Weiner & Harmon, 1948 b. looked at faking good and faking bad protocols 1. in terms of subtle vs. obvious questions on Scales 2, 4, 4, 6, & 9 c. subtle items: 1. those clinical scale items that do not seem to relate to the construct that is the focus of measurement d. obvious items: 1. those clinical scale items that do seem to be related to the construct being measured e. created for D, Hy, Pd, Pa, and Ma scales f. others argue that the standard validity scales work better to determine faking good and faking bad P. Harris-Lingoes Scales 1) Harris & Lingoes, 1955 2) created from the clinical scales a. since clinical scales were created empirically, there is a lot of item heterogeneity b. H-L scales were created based on the content of the items c. are the most comprehensive of the content-type scales derived for the MMPI 3) used for scales 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 4) most useful when elevated scores a. do not seem to match the overall profile b. when scales are marginally elevated 5) typically, do not interpret if there are no elevated clinical scales MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve a. however, I want you to interpret for this class 6) Subjective Depression (D1) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel unhappy, blue, or depressed most of the time 2. lack the energy to cope with everyday life 3. are not interested in what goes on around them 4. feel nervous or tense much of the time 5. have difficulties concentrating and attending 6. have poor appetite and difficulty sleeping 7. brood and cry frequently 8. lack self-confidence 9. feel inferior and useless 10. are easily hurt by criticism 11. feel uneasy, shy, and embarrassed in social settings 12. tend to avoid interactions except for relatives and close friends b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel happy and satisfied 2. are interested in and stimulated by their environments 3. deny tension, difficulties in concentration/attention, poor appetite, sleep disturbance, and frequent brooding or crying 4. are self-confident 5. are socially extroverted 6. like to be around other people and are at ease in social situations 7) Psychomotor Retardation (D2) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are characterized as immobile and withdrawn 2. lack the energy to cope with everyday activities 3. avoid other people 4. deny hostile or aggressive impulses at times b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. describe themselves as active and involved 2. have no difficulty getting started on things 3. view everyday life as interesting and rewarding 4. admit having hostile and aggressive impulses at times 8) Physical Malfunctioning (D3) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are preoccupied with their own physical functioning 2. deny good health 3. report a wide variety of specific somatic symptoms that may include weakness, hay fever or asthma, poor appetite, nausea or vomiting, and convulsions b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. present themselves as being in good physical health 2. do not report a wide variety of specific somatic 9) Mental Dullness (D4) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. lack the energy to cope with the problems of everyday life 2. feel tense 3. complain of memory or judgment difficulties b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 1. view life as interesting and worthwhile 2. feel capable of coping with their problems 3. deny tension 4. deny difficulties in concentration, memory, and judgment 10) Brooding (D5) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. brood, ruminate, and cry much of the time 2. lack energy to cope with their problems 3. may have concluded that life is no longer worthwhile 4. feel that they are losing control of their thought processes b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel happy most of the time 2. feel that life is worthwhile 3. deny a lack of energy, brooding, or frequent crying 11) Denial of Social Anxiety (Hy1) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are socially extroverted 2. feel comfortable interacting with others and feel comfortable talking with other people 3. are not easily influenced by social standards and customs b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are socially introverted 2. are shy and bashful in social situations 3. find it difficult to talk with others 4. are greatly influenced by social standards and custioms 12) Need for Affection (Hy2) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have strong needs for attention and affection from others and fear that those needs will not be met if they are honest about their feelings and attitudes 2. express naively optimistic and trusting attitudes towards others 3. claim to see others as honest, sensible, and reasonable 4. deny having negative feelings about other people 5. try to avoid unpleasant confrontations whenever possible b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have very negative, critical, and suspicious attitudes toward other people 2. see others as dishonest, selfish, and unreasonable 3. admit to negative feelings toward other people 4. perceive that others are treating them badly 13) Lassitude Malaise (Hy3) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel uncomfortable and not in good health 2. feel weak, fatigued, or tired 3. report difficulties in concentrating and sleeping 4. feel unhappy and blue 5. report that their home environments are unpleasant and uninteresting b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. report being comfortable and in good health MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 2. do not have difficulties in concentrating, sleeping, or poor appetite 3. feel happy and satisfied with their life situations 14) Somatic Complaints (Hy4) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. present multiple somatic complaints a) pain in the heart and/or chest b) fainting spells, dizziness, or balance problems c) nausea and vomiting d) poor vision e) shakiness f) feeling too hot or too cold 2. express little or no hostility toward other people b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. do not report somatic complaints 2. admit to hostile and aggressive impulses 15) Inhibition of Aggression (Hy5) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. deny hostile and aggressive impulses 2. report they are not interested in reading about crime/violence 3. are sensitive about how others respond to them b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. admit to hostile and aggressive impulses 2. express interest in reading about crime/violence 3. are not concerned about how others view them 16) Familial Discord (Pd1) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. describe their home and family situations as quite unpleasant 2. describe their current families and/or families of origin as lacking in love, understanding, and support 3. feel their families have been critical 4. feel their families refuse to give them adequate freedom and independence b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. describe their home and family situations in very positive terms 2. see their families as offering love, understanding, and support 3. describe their families as not being overly controlling or domineering 17) Authority Problems (Pd2) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. resent societal and parental standards and customs 2. admit to having been in trouble in school or with the law 3. have definite opinions about what is right and what is wrong 4. stand up for their own beliefs 5. are not greatly influenced by the standards and values of others b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. tend to be very socially conforming and accepting of authority 2. do not express personal opinions or beliefs openly 3. are easily influenced by other people 4. deny having been in trouble in school or with the law MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 18) Social Imperturbability (Pd3) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. present themselves as comfortable and confident in social situations 2. like to interact with others 3. experience no difficulty in talking with others 4. have strong opinions about many things and are not reluctant to defend these opinions vigorously b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. experience a great deal of discomfort and anxiety in social situations 2. do not like to meet new people 3. find it difficult to talk in interpersonal relationships 4. do not express personal opinions and attitudes openly 19) Social Alienation (Pd4) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel alienated, isolated, and estranged 2. believe that other people do not understand them 3. feel they get a raw deal out of life 4. feel lonely, unhappy, and unloved 5. blame others for their own problems and shortcomings 6. are self-centered and insensitive to the needs and feelings of others 7. act in inconsiderate ways toward others b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel that they belong in their social environments 2. see other people as loving, understanding, and supportive 3. find interpersonal relationships gratifying 4. are willing to settle down; find comfort in the routine 20) Self-Alienation (Pd5) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. describe themselves as uncomfortable and unhappy 2. do not find daily life interesting or rewarding 3. verbalize regret, guilt, and remorse for past deeds, but are vague about the details 4. find it hard to settle down 5. may use alcohol excessively b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. present themselves as happy and comfortable 2. find daily life stimulating and rewarding 3. are willing to settle down 4. deny excessive use of alcohol 5. do not express regret, remorse, or guilt about past misdeeds 21) Persecutory Ideas (Pa1) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. view the world as a threatening place 2. feel misunderstood and unfairly treated 3. feel that others have unfairly blamed or punished them 4. are suspicious and untrusting of others 5. in extreme cases, have delusions of persecution MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel understood and fairly treated 2. are able to trust others 3. do not project blame for problems and shortcomings 22) Poignancy (Pa2) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. see themselves as more high strung and more sensitive than others 2. say they feel more intensely than others 3. feel lonely and misunderstood 4. look for risky and/or exciting activities to make themselves feel better b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel accepted and understood 2. do not present themselves as more sensitive than others 3. avoid risky or dangerous activities 23) Naivete’ (Pa3) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. express extremely naive and optimistic attitudes about others 2. see others as honest, unselfish, generous, and altruistic 3. present themselves as trusting 4. say they have high moral standards 5. deny hostile and negative impulses b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of persons who: 1. have rather negative and suspicious attitudes towards other people 2. see others as dishonest, selfish, and untrustworthy 3. admit to some hostility/resentment toward others who make demands on or take advantage of them 24) Social Alienation (Sc1) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel mistreated, misunderstood, and unloved 2. feel that others are trying to harm them 3. describe their family situations as lacking in love 4. report that their families treat them more as children than as adults 5. feel lonely and empty 6. admit they have never had a loving relationship with anyone 7. report hostility and hatred toward family members 8. avoid social situations and interpersonal relationships whenever possible b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel understood and loved 2. report having rewarding emotional involvements with other people 3. describe their family situations in positive terms 4. deny feelings of hatred and resentment toward family members 25) Emotional Alienation (Sc2) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. report feelings of fear, depression, and apathy MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 2. some times may wish they were dead 3. may exhibit sadistic and/or masochistic needs b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. deny feelings of fear, depression, and apathy 2. feel that life is worth living 3. deny sadistic or masochistic needs 26) Lack of Ego Mastery, Cognitive (Sc3) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel that they might be losing their minds 2. report strange thought processes and feelings of unreality 3. report difficulties in concentration and memory b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. probably have no reason to fear a loss of control of their thought processes 2. do not admit to strange or unusual thought processes 3. do not admit to feelings of unreality 4. do not report difficulties in concentration and memory 27) Lack of Ego Mastery, Conative (Sc4) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel that life is a strain 2. admit to feelings of depression and despair 3. have problems coping with everyday problems 4. may worry excessively and respond to this worry by withdrawing into fantasy and daydreaming 5. have given up hope that things will get better 6. may wish they were dead at times b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel that life is interesting and worthwhile 2. have the energy to cope with everyday problems 3. deny feelings of depression, excessive worry, and suicidal ideation 28) Lack of Ego Mastery, Defective Inhibition (Sc5) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel that they are not in control of their emotions and impulses and are frightened by this loss of control 2. tend to be restless, hyperactive, and irritable 3. may have periods of laughing and crying that they cannot control 4. may report episodes during which they did not know what they were doing and later could not remember what they had done a) these are typically outside of any type of blackouts caused by substance abuse b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. deny concern about a loss of control of their emotions and impulses 2. do not admit to restlessness, hyperactivity, or irritability 3. do not admit to periods of activity they could not control and that later they could not remember 29) Bizarre Sensory Experiences (Sc6) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 1. experience feelings that their bodies are changing in strange and unusual ways 2. report skin sensitivity, feeling hot or cold, voice changes, muscle twitching, clumsiness, problems in balance, ringing or buzzing in ears, paralysis, and/or weakness 3. admit to hallucinations, unusual thought content, and ideas of external influence b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. deny bodily changes, feelings of depersonalization, and other strange experiences 30) Amorality (Ma1) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. perceive other people as selfish, dishonest, and opportunistic, and because of these perceptions feel justified in acting in similar ways 2. seem to derive vicarious satisfaction from the manipulative exploits of others b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. deny that others are selfish, dishonest, and opportunistic and find such behaviors unacceptable in themselves 2. deny receiving vicarious gratification from watching others be exploitative 31) Psychomotor Acceleration (Ma2) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. experience acceleration of speech, thought processes, and motor activity 2. feel tense and restless 3. feel excited or elated without cause 4. become bored easily and seek out risk, excitement, or danger as a way of overcoming the boredom 5. admit to impulses to do something harmful or shocking b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are calm and placid 2. deny hyperactivity, restlessness, or tension 3. are satisfied with a life situation that many others might judge to be dull or boring 32) Imperturbability (Ma3) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. deny social anxiety 2. feel comfortable around other people 3. have no problem in talking with others 4. profess little concern about or sensitivity to the opinions, values, and attitudes of others 5. feel impatient and irritable towards others b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. feel uncomfortable around other people 2. have problems talking with others 3. are easily influenced by the opinions, values, and attitudes of others 4. deny resentment, impatience, and irritability towards others MMPI-2 Interpretation Grieve 33) Ego Inflation (Ma4) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have unrealistic evaluations of their own abilities and self-worth 2. are resentful when others make demands on them, particularly if the persons making the demands are perceived as less capable b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have realistic notions about their own self-worth, or may even be extremely self-critical 2. deny resentment towards others who make time demands upon them 34) Shyness/Self-Consciousness (Si1) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are shy around others, easily embarrassed, ill at ease in social settings, and uncomfortable in new situations b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. do not feel shy or embarrassed around others and feel at ease in social settings 35) Social Avoidance (Si2) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have a great dislike and avoidance of group activities and being in crowds 2. avoid contact with other people b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. do not dislike or avoid group activities and crowds 36) Alienation–Self and Others (Si3) a. T-Scores > 65 are indicative of individuals who: 1. have low self-esteem and self-confidence, are self-critical, question their own judgment, and feel incapable of determining their own fate 2. are nervous, fearful, and indecisive 3. are suspicious of others b. T-Scores < 40 are indicative of individuals who: 1. are confident in themselves and their abilities and feel as if they have a hand in determining their own fate 2. believe in the good intentions of others.