Migrations around the world from 1750 to 1900

Migrations around the world from 1750 to 1900 What do the following graphs and maps show about people moving around the world from 1750 to 1900 (and later)? Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World: Talk about how different environmental factors led to different migration patterns from 1750 to 1900. Changing Events in History Many times, people moved because of changes in the population in both industrialized and non-industrialized societies that made it hard to keep living the same way. Because of the way new transportation works, more and more people from inside and outside of countries moved to cities. This pattern played a part in the huge growth of cities around the world in the 1800s. The new ways of getting around also made it possible for many migrants to go back to their home societies, either temporarily or permanently. A lot of people freely chose to move, usually in search of work. The new global capitalist economy still relied on forced and semi-forced labor migration, such as slavery, indentured servitude for Chinese and Indians, and work by prisoners. During this time, migration patterns changed a lot, and a lot more people moved. These changes happened at the same time as the rise of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy. People moved because it was good for their finances in some cases, but other times they were just seen as goods to be moved. The societies that sent and received migrants were very different from each other. It was also hard for governments to build national identities and control the flow of people. People moved for a variety of reasons. A lot of people freely chose to move, usually in search of work. For instance, manual laborers and specialized professionals The new global capitalist economy still relied on forced and semi-forced labor migration, such as slavery, indentured servitude for Chinese and Indians, and work by prisoners. Most migrants were men, which meant that women had to take on new roles in their home society that men used to play. In many places around the world, migrants set up ethnic enclaves that helped them bring their culture to new places and made it easier for support networks for migrants to form. Some examples of ethnic enclaves are: Asian Chinese in Southeast Asia North America, South America, and the Caribbean People who are Indian in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, East and Southern Africa Push Factors Things that make people want to stay away from a certain area. • • • Environmental pushes include not having enough natural resources, going hungry, or living in a place that isn't good for people (pollution, illness, extreme temperatures, etc.). Poverty, bad communication (isolation from others), and oppressive social or political situations are all things that push people. Ideological pushes can include the idea that people are being persecuted or have fewer rights. Pull Factors Things that tend to bring immigrants to a certain area. • • • Environmental pulls include the presence of natural resources that people want (forests, fishing, ores, etc.), good land, or a climate and environment that are good for people (lower risk of disease). Human pulls include the chance to find work or a way to support oneself, easy communication (harbors, rivers, mountain passes), good social support, or getting back together with family and friends. Ideological pulls can include the idea of more freedom or less persecution. Forced Migration A certain type of "push" element. Millions of people from west and central Africa came to the Americas as slaves. In the early 1800s, efforts to stop the practice began, but Brazil didn't stop letting it happen until the 1880s. People are forced to leave their homes because of their race, religion, or other identity. This is called forced migration based on persecution. • For example, the Jews were kicked out of Russia, people moved between India and Pakistan when they got their independence in 1947, and Native Americans and Australians had to move. Human Migrations from 1750-1900 • • • • • • • • • As transoceanic empires and capitalism grew, a lot more people moved across the ocean. produced societies that were very different from those sending and receiving posed problems for governments when they tried to build national identities and control the flow of people Better medical care and more food production led to more people living in the world. A lot of people moved to cities around the world in the 1800s. A lot of people moved freely to industrialized areas to find work. o People were still forced to work, but not as much as in period 5 (1450–1750). o CONTINUITY of slavery (until around 1850) o Chinese and Indian forced labor - CHANGE Convict labor: Most migrants were men, which meant women had to take on new roles at home - CHA In different parts of the world, migrants set up ethnic enclaves - CHANGE Racial prejudice grew as people tried to control the flow of immigrants. Historical Developments Most migrants were men, which meant that women had to take on new roles in their home society that men used to play. In many places around the world, migrants set up ethnic enclaves that helped bring their culture to new places. As an example, Chinese people live in North America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and South America. o People who are Indian in Southeast Asia, East and Southern Africa, and the Caribbean o The Irish in North America o People from Italy in North and South America Societies that took in immigrants did not always welcome them, as shown by the different levels of racial and ethnic prejudice and the ways that states tried to control the growing number of people crossing their borders. o For example, the Chinese Exclusion Act o Policy for White Australia Hinduism in Guyana o Three fifths of the people who live in Guyana are Hindu. o In the Western Hemisphere, Guyana has the most Hindus of any country. o Following the end of slavery in the British Empire in 1833, jobs were needed and Indians were sent to Guyana and other British West Indian territories to do them. o From 1835 to 1918, 341,600 Indian workers on a temporary basis were brought to British Guyana. o During the indenture period, beginning in 1852, Christian missionaries tried to convert East Indians, but they didn't have much success. When Christian missionaries came to India to convert people, Brahmins began performing religious ceremonies for all Hindus, no matter what caste they were. The caste system there fell apart because of this. Change movements caught the attention of many Guyanese Hindus in the late 1940s. The Arya Samaj came to Guyana in 1910. Samaj's teachings don't believe in caste or the idea that only Brahmins can be religious leaders. The movement taught that there is only one god and that images and many traditional Hindu rituals should not be used in worship. After the 1930s, fewer Hindus became Christians because Hinduism became more respected and Hindus were treated less badly. The famous Indian Arrival Monument has been finished, but there were some problems during construction. The Government of India will now give it to Guyana. The monument at the T-intersection in Palmyra Village, Corentyne, Region Six was paid for by the Indian government. It's a tribute to the Indian children who came to work as slaves in what was then British Guiana in 1838. The mounted bronze memorial is made of artistically sculpted metal that shows Indians going about their daily lives. The figures each carry an important item, such as their gods, religious texts, drum, karaahi (a cooking pan), taawa (a flat, round metal plate for cooking roti), grass knives (scythes), cutlass, rice plants, and their jahaji bhandal (a ship bundle). CHANGES in global migrations from the 1450-1750 time period. BEFORE 1750: • Many indentured servants were from Europe (migration from Europe to the New World); • Migration was caused by mercantilism and cash crop harvests; • Setting up homes in the New World AFTER 1750: • Indentured servants were mostly from South and East Asia going to European colonies in Africa and to the Americas and metropoles; • Industrialization and urbanization caused people to move; • New transportation technologies (like trains and steamships) made migration easier. When the slave trade ended in the 19th century, there was a need for new, cheap sources of forced labor. As capitalism grew, people moved. Reactions in politics, such as the White Australia Policy and the Chinese Exclusion Act CONTINUITIES in global migrations from the 1450-1750 time period. • Westerners still got most of the money made from forced labor; • People who didn't have much or any political power were taken advantage of; • Indentured servitude was still a popular form of forced labor that caused people to move around; • Men were still mostly the ones leaving, which changed societies back home; • Migration was caused by natural resources; • As migrations continued, syncretism happened.