University:
Brigham Young University
Course:
CHEM 102 | Concepts of Chemistry
Academic year:

2023
Views:

192

Pages:

20
Author:

InterstellarInsight

Nature of Fissions of Covalent bond breaking of Covalent bond is Called bond Cleavage The br or bond fission. It takes place to in two different ways. 1) Homolytic Bond Cleavage/Homolysis:- The share pair of è is distributed equally between two bonded atom, the bond Cleavage is known as homolytic bond Cleavage. AA → A+ A Homolytic bond Cleavage results in the foremation of free radical. (Non-ionic Intermediate) 2) Heterolytic Bond Cleavage/Heteroly:- The Share pair of è is distributed unequally between two bonded atom, the bond Cleavage is known as heterolytic bond cleavage. AB A+B Heterolytic bond cleavage results in the formation of Cation and anion (Lortic Intermediate). Organic Reagent Electrophile: These are species liaving Positive Charge or electron deficient atom. In other word, electron electrophile. loving species are called These are two types. a) Positive electrophile:- Electrophile that contain Positive Charge is called Positive electrophile. eg. All cation. Ht, Bot, ct, No, y b) Neutral electrophile:- Electrophile that Contain an electron deficient atom is Called neutral electrophile. eg. Lewis acid, BF3, AlCl3, FeBily, Bcl₃ Neulleophile: These are the fpecies having negative Charge or electron sufficient atom. In other word, Nucleus loving species are called Neucleophile These are of two types. a) Negative nucleophile:- Nucleophile theat Contain Negative Charge is called negative nucleophile. e.g. All auion. H, Cl, Br, I, он etc b) Neutral nucleophile:- Nucleophile that contain an electron sufficient atom. is Called neutral nucleophile. eg Lewis base. NH₃, HỒ, 2 R-OH, R-NM Reaction Intermediate:- The Species Prroduce during the Cleavage of Covalent bond are Called reaction intermediate. These are generally short lived, highly reactive and Can't be isolated. These are generally Classified into two types. 1. lonic intermediate 2. Non lonic intermediate a) Carboration Ect) a) free radical (C) 6) Caretanico c) b) (anbens (X:) c) Nitrene (-:) d) Benzyne K Preparation:- 1. By heterlysis of c-x bond :- R-CH Hetege R- + xe y-ch-Bre Bromo ethane -lysis Hetency + Br lyou 2. Pirotonation of alcohol followed by dehydration :- R-CH-OH + H R-CHO-H R-CH 2 R-+40 - -OH + H+ -++-+ H 3. By deamination of 1° amine :- R-H-NH + HONO H+ R-CH-N2 + 240 R-+ N2 Structure:- →Unhybicidised P-orbital Sp² hybridised Catem (Trigent Plauer) Arcomatisation of Ptability a molecule veeues to get maximum The formation of tropyliuros (ation Occures through aromatisation as follow- Tropylium Tropylium Cation bromide (Aromatic) In tropyfium cation, all the Carbon atom are 2 sp² hybridised and it Contain 6xe ive in accordance with (4n+2) e rule/Huckel's rule. Therefore, tropylium cation is arcomatic and most Stable Carbocation. (Treiphenylby cation lono. of so it-s.