University:
Brigham Young University
Course:
CHEM 102 | Concepts of Chemistry
Academic year:

2023
Views:

124

Pages:

31
Author:

InterstellarInsight

Atanic Radiu Radius of Nectant Blount Cithoum fortich) callba Atomic Rodius: Covalent Radius Shamsing of Nonemidel's sliction then covalent bend la from and distance between two senestar atan buday by two is called covalot Rodit :C.N.OFPS c Covalent Radius form ardy singli bond net from multifa Sovd (tuble tapa del batwin two atoma So Covalent Pardius absent multifle bond between two store § Vandrrusel Radus Vanderwaal's Radii ass octant, from non bendid distens of class offiscork between atoms that are in contact with Jack other but are not bonded to oru onctur He, Ne, xe sto Tonic Radius § The Evaluation of Tonic Radii asigned Jonic Radii refresint radil that are ashined to the vaxiους ions of the elements. Pouling Method No 18² 2525 35 F - 18 28285 2-318 Experimental value Na Note Fte Fe configration of No and Fe Elictronic αγι Side know that, zebb 182283286 10 Neo So, γα and (Zeso grouß Elmat Effse tivs Nuchar charge (Zeff) Zif - = Elictronic configration of No and Fas 18 252 25 Scxaming constant = 7x0-35 + 2x0.85 0= 2-45 + 1-70 6 = 4:15 Na Zeff 11-4-15 6-85 Zeff 9-4-15 4:65 - 4-85 0.71 6-85 = 0-71 & + Xpe = 2:31 8 Exfesimental valu 071 8ρο + γρ = 2:31 A = 2-31 R 1-358 071 X1-358 NO 0.968 § Covalent Radii Covalent Radii axe asstimated from the known lingths of covalent bonds involving any particular element without multifu bonds. YOR= (F-F) distance 6 Tsoulictronic Series N3- 02 (100) 109 100 100 100 2-608 1-718 1-358 1-34 A P (Broton) ratio increases then size decreases. e (Elictron) Radius of n (Shills) § Pexiodic trends in Atomic and Ionic Radii Increase in size with in a group as the atomic number increases. seases and Z (Atomic Number) Explain: Because n (shulls) Increases increases and extra shells of suctrons are addid Decrease in size within a short period as the atomic number Explain: Because inossasing the nuchar charge results in all of the orbital suctrons being fulled closer to the nucleus. (3) Decorass in size with increase nuclear charge in Iscelictronic Explain: Because ratio of P is increases and attraction less, A Smalls dicarası in size as compact to the @ Point that is in shost fesied within a transition series Bßlain: Bicauu transition element do not shield the nuclear change very affictively A smaller dreseases in size as comfort to the Point that is for transition msies within imos transition Mem explain: Braum innia tronsition Aliment has Lomthanids. Constanction Ionization Energy The Enugy required to somove the most loosily bond dictron from an isolated gasious atom is called its Ionization Enagy. M M²(g) + e 1 E- M'(3) A M² (8) + e 2nd IE 3d IE Factor Influency. Ionization Energy Size of the atom charge of the nucleus 3 The scauning effect of inner ssctrons. The type of electron mvolved je s.fi.d. f oxhitals type of electron Because the shape of arbitals the s-cbctron fanitrates nases to the nucleus thin f.d or f and hence is tightly held M³ (8) A → M³ (8) +e The value for Be is high and this is attributed to the stability of a fillud &-orbital The valur for N is also high and this indicates that a half-filled p-cobital is also particularly Stabla The robil gas Ne has highest I.E in 2nd forziod EC of Gustion Discuss the Gest Ionization Energy trend in the 13th group of the Beriodic table that is for the Unmerd B. Al fra In, 119 13th gaouf Einment: First Ionization Enrogy tarnds: Tonization Energies for Grouf 13th element (KJ/molu) 1st 2nd 3rd 5 B 801 2427 3659 A 577 1816 2744 G 579 1979 2962 43 558 1820 2704 583 1971 2877 The Ionizution margy dresseses on descending a grouf and incsiast on crossing a period Removal of sucusiv betoons becomes most difficult and 1st I-E- < 2nd I.E.< 3rd IE HEMA Low According to Hess's Law for a given chemical ferocess the net fint change will be same within the forocess cccuses in one or in several states -H=+S+D+I-E-U 6 The Lattice Energy 'U' is evaluated through Born- Lands's Equation: -Azze Whize V = Lattice Energy No Avogadro's Numbers = 6.023x1023/mole A = Midilung's constant which difands on the guomatry of the crystal 2+&z= charge of the twe and -ve Ion e charge of the electron Intry Irnic distancı at equilibrium n= Constant which is often taken equal to the 9 is called Boom exponunt This is associated with the zifulsion between the Ions-