MEANING OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Organic chemistry is one of the most important disciplines of science which deals with the study of carbon compounds especially hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with a specific sector of compounds found in nature and manufactured synthetically. It is the science that studies the organic compounds and molecules. Some of these include biomolecules, plastics, petroleum products, and more. Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the structure, characteristics, and reactions of organic molecules and organic materials, which are any forms of matter that contain carbon atoms. Their analysis of structure yields their structural formula. The study of properties includes both physical and chemical qualities as well as the assessment of chemical reactivity to understand their behaviour. Examples of organic reaction research include studying individual organic compounds in the lab and conceptually (in silico), as well as the chemical synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and polymers. IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Organic substances are everywhere around us. Many contemporary materials contain organic chemicals, at least in part. They are crucial to the development of the economy, as well as to biochemistry, biotechnology, and medicine. 2. Organic compounds can be found in a variety of products, including agrichemicals, coatings, cosmetics, detergent, dyes, food, fuel, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and rubber. Among the substances investigated in organic chemistry are hydrocarbons (molecules made only of carbon and hydrogen) and carbon-based compounds that also contain other elements, including oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus (present in many bio-chemicals), and halogens 3. Organic chemistry plays an important part in our daily life because food, clothes, paper, ink, rubber, soap, perfumes, medicines etc. are indispensable to us for proper living. 4.Organic compounds are important constituents of many products e.g., paint, food, plastic, explosive, medicine, petrochemical, pesticide etc. Further, the study of organic chemistry is important for chemists and pharmacists in order to synthesize medicines for the alleviation of human suffering. 5. Heterocyclic compounds are one of the most important classes of compounds which are of great importance in pharmaceutics because of their specific chemical reactivity. Nitrogen containing heterocycles are structural constituent of a variety of active pharmaceuticals, biologically active natural and non-natural compounds. Importance of Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is significant because it is the study of life and all of its chemical reactions. Doctors, veterinarians, dentists, pharmacologists, chemical engineers, and chemists are among the professionals who apply the understanding of organic chemistry. The relevance of organic chemistry may be seen in the huge array of substances we utilize on a daily basis. Some common uses of Organic compounds are1. Food: Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the carbon compounds that form the basis of food materials. Vitamins are also organic in nature. 2. Cleansing agents: Organic solvents are frequently used in industries and laboratories to remove contaminants. For example, in the extraction of drugs from plants, petroleum ether is used to separate the fatty materials from the pulp. As a result of organic chemistry’s knowledge of polarity, solubility, and partition factors, solvents are used to separate components for better use. 3. Sterilizing agents:- The majority of sterilizing and disinfecting agents, such as phenol and formaldehyde, are carbon compounds. They can kill microorganisms and even human body cells due to their characteristics such as solubility and pH. These destroy bacteria and other germs by dissolving the cell wall or damaging the protein layer, among other things. 4. Analytic substances:- The majority of the substances we use, such as medications and insecticides, are tested qualitatively and quantitatively using various titrations, chromatography methods, and spectrophotometry. In this case, the reagents used, such as acids or bases or reductive oxidative species, are organic in nature. Furthermore, organic chemistry is responsible for the development of endpoint indicators in titration. 5. Valuables:- Carbon compounds, interestingly, are proven to be very precious, durable, and toughest in the world. Diamond and graphite are both carbon-only compounds that contain no other elements. They’re both widely used and expensive. Petroleum is the world’s other most valuable resource for meeting global fuel demands. These petroleum products are further diversified for a variety of applications. Importance of Heterocyclic Compounds Applications of Aromatic Heterocycles in Agriculture-Pests such as rodents, insects, germs, and weeds consume or destroy the majority of the food meant for humans. Biological plant protection techniques have a lot of potential, but chemical control is still the most prevalent way. Pesticides, which include herbicides (weed killers), insecticides, fungicides, and rodenticides, are used to control pests by chemical means. Plant growth stimulators and regulators are also quite important. Because heterocyclic chemicals are involved in so many biological systems, it’s no surprise that they make up the bulk of pesticides. Fluorescence – Fluorescence is defined as the absorption of radiation by atoms or molecules, followed by the immediate emission of electromagnetic radiation when the particles move to lower energy states. Fluorescent heterocyclic compounds have an important role in a variety of fields, including emitters for electroluminescence devices. Pharma – Heterocycles are common fragments of the great majority of commercially available medicines, and they serve an important role in modern drug synthesis. Common usage of Heterocyclic compounds is found in Antimalarial medicines, Anti-Inflammatory medicines FULLERENE(ALLOTROPE/POLYMORPH OF CARBON) An allotrope is one or more forms of a chemical element that can exist in the same physical state. Allotropism is the ability of an element to exist in multiple forms. Well-known allotropes of carbon include diamond and graphite/graphene, amorphous carbon, C70 fullerene, C60 buckminsterfullerene, C540 fullerene, and Ionsdaleite. Fullerene is nothing but an allotrope of carbon wherein its molecules consist of carbon atoms that are connected by single and double bonds. This results in the formation of a closed or partially closed cage-like structure (a mesh consisting of fused rings) that further contain several atoms. The fullerene molecule in this form can either have a hollow sphere, be it an ellipsoid, a tube, or it can also have many other different shapes and sizes. When the carbon molecules are arranged in a cylindrical form they usually form a tube-like structure known as carbon nanotubes. Structure of Fullerene Fullerenes in their natural form tend to be highly symmetrical. Their structure is quite similar to that of graphite and is made up of a sheet of connected hexagonal rings (cage structure). However, they have pentagonal and sometimes heptagonal rings which do not allow the sheet to become planar. They are often referred to as buckyballs and buckytubes depending on their shape. Cylindrical fullerenes are referred to as nanotubes. Buckyballs and carbon nanotubes have been used as building blocks for a great variety of derivatives and larger structures.