Cognition Learning Target Checklist ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Explain how internal and external factors inﬂuence perception. Explain how visual perceptual processes produce correct or incorrect interpretations of stimuli. Explain how psychological concepts and theories account for thinking, problem-solving, judgment, and decision-making. Explain how the types, structures, and processes of memory work. Explain how different encoding processes work to get information into memory. Explain how memory storage processes retain information in memory. Explain how memory retrieval processes get information out of memory. Explain possible reasons why memory failure or errors may occur. Explain how modern and historical theories describe intelligence. Explain how intelligence is measured. Explain how systemic issues relate to the quantitative and qualitative uses of intelligence assessments. Explain how academic achievement is measured and experienced as compared to intelligence. Perception Processing Our World Under normal conditions, sensation and perception blend into one continuous process, working together to help you decipher the world around you. ● ● Bottom-up processing: analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information (sensation ﬁrst) Top-down processing: information processing guided by higher-level mental processes , as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations (experience ﬁrst) While walking through an art museum, you come to the abstract art section. If you used bottom-up processing, you would stare at the piece and try to ﬁgure out what the artist was trying to create. If you used top-down processing, you would read the title of the work and look for elements of that in the painting.