Medical Terminology Unit 2 Skeletal System

Unit 2: Skeletal System Major Functions of the Skeletal System: ● Protection - ribs protect heart; surrounds/protects vital organs ● Storage - bones store minerals and some fat ● Support - body shape and structure ● Blood cell formation - bone marrow makes blood cells ● Axial Skeleton: ○ along axis/center of skeleton ○ 80 bones ○ Skull ○ Thoracic cage (ribs, sternum) ○ Vertebral column ● Appendicular Skeleton: ○ Attaches appendages to axial skeleton ○ 126 bones ○ Shoulder girdle ○ Upper extremities ○ Pelvic girdle ○ Lower extremities Skeletal System Word Parts: PREFIXES Meaning a-/an- Without, lack of anti- Against, opposite inter- between intra- Within, inside meta- Beyond, change non- not peri- Surrounding, around sub- Under, below supra- Above, upper syn- With, together ROOTS acr/o extremities ankyl/o Crooked, stiff, bent, fused together arthr/o joint brachi/o arm burs/o Bursa (sac of fluid near joint) carp/o wrist cervic/o Neck, cervix chir/o hand chondro/o Cartilage (type of connective tissue) cost/o ribs crani/o Cranium (skull) kyph/o Bent, hump lord/o Curve, swayback, bent lumb/o Lower back lux/o dislocation myel/o Spinal cord, bone marrow ortho/o Straight, correct, upright ortho/o, oss/e, bone ost/o, ossi/o ped/o Child, foot pod/o foot rheumat/o Watery flow sacr/o Flesh, sacrum sarc/o Flesh, connective tissue scoli/o Cracked, beat spondyl/o Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone ster/o Solid structure, steroid synovi/o Synobia, synovial membrane tors/o Tarsals (ankle bones) SUFFIXES -al, -ic Pertaining to -algia Pain, painful condition -ation Process, condition -centesis Surgical puncture -desis To bind, tie together -ectomy Excision, removal -itis Inflammation of -malacia (abnormal) softening -megaly Enlargement, large -oid Like, resembling -oma Tumor, mass -osis Abnormal condition -patellar Knee cap -penia Decrease, deficiency -plasty Surgical repair -porosis Abnormal condition of small holes -scope Instrument for viewing -scopy Process of visually examining -tomy To cut, incision Cranial Bones: ● Know the general location of the cranial bones. (Try to identify where their location is by looking at pointing at your own head). Diseases of the Skeletal System: ● STOP! Have you learned the word parts for this unit? Knowing them will help you know the meaning of the following words. ● Most of the words can be understood using word parts, but others need to be memorized. 1. Ankylosis - fusion of the bones; abnormal stiffness and immobility of a joint 2. Chondromalacia - runner’s knee; cartilage under the patella/kneecap deteriorates 3. Dislocation - injury when joints/body part’s normal position is disturbed 4. Gout - excess of uric acid in the blood, causing pain, inflammation, swelling 5. Kyphosis - “hunchback”; instability in back and neck 6. Lordosis - excessive inward curvature of spine 7. Myeloma - malignant tumor/cancer in the bone marrow 8. Ostealgia - pain in a bone 9. Osteitis - inflammation of the substance of a bone 10. Osteoarthritis - damage to the cartilage of the flexible part of the bone 11. Osteoma - new piece of bone/tumor growing on another piece of bone 12. Osteomyelitis - inflammation of bone or bone marrow due to infection 13. Osteopenia - loss of bone density; precursor to osteoporosis 14. Osteoporosis - bones become brittle and fragile 15. Osteosarcoma - cancer producing immature bone; begins in cells that form bone 16. Paget’s disease - bones become fragile and crooked 17. Periostitis - inflammation of the periosteum, a layer of connective tissue surrounding bone 18. Rheumatoid arthritis - chronic inflammatory disorder affecting joints like in hands, feet 19. Scoliosis - sideway curvature of spine; can occur in growth spurt before puberty 20. Spina bifida - split/open spine, can be caused by lack of Vitamin B in mother’s diet 21. Spondylosis - aging phenomenon, bones and ligament in the spine wear 22. Sprain - damage to ligament (the bands of tissue between joints) 23. Subluxation - partial displacement of spinal cord or another joint 24. Talipes - clubfoot, foot twisted/upside down, no discomfort or pain Skeletal System: Fractures ● For practical purposes and to avoid copyright, images of the fractures won’t be included. However you can search them up (or use the images provided on Quizlet) to visualize when studying. FRACTURE TYPE DESCRIPTION displaced Bone is broken into two or more pieces and the ends do not line up together; pulled out of normal alignment, non-displaced Bone breaks away partially or all the way through but the bones do not move; they remain aligned. closed/simple AKA “simple fix”; fracture with intact overlying skin. Open compound AKA “compound fix”; bone (usually its end) penetrates skin. Usually a bad situation with this fracture. transverse break at right angle to bone plane; caused by direct blow or prolonged stress (e.g. running). comminuted break/splinter of bone into two fragments; occurs after high-impact trauma. Lots of miniscule pieces. greenstick Incomplete fracture; occurs when bone is bent and partially broken. Most are found in children under the age of 10 because their bones are “soft”. spiral Fracture where bone is twisted apart, seen in long arm/leg bones. Common result of sports injury or falling distances. compression Function of vertebrae, occurs as spines bones compress. Osteoporosis is the most common cause. stress Small bones crack, caused by overuse/repetitive activity. Weight bearing bones of feet and legs are most vulnerable.