Medical Terminology Unit 8 Digestive System

Unit 8: Digestive System Digestive System Tract Order: 1. Oral cavity - the cavity of the mouth where food enters 2. Pharynx - muscular wall in the process of swallowing; serves as pathway for food movement from mouth to esophagus 3. Epiglottis - small flap of elastic cartilage that directs food from esophagus and directs air into the lungs 4. Esophagus - muscular tube allowing food to pass from pharynx to stomach. Through peristalsis, it allows the pushing of food from pharynx to stomach, no matter the body position 5. Esophageal sphincter - keep food and secretions from going down the windpipe; lower esophageal sphincter (LES) prevents acid/stomach content from going backwards 6. Stomach - helps churn up and digest food; smooth muscles here break down food via peristalsis 7. Pyloric sphincter - acts as valve to control flow of partially digested food from the stomach to small intestine 8. Duodenum - first section of small intestine; connects stomach to jejunum; where most of the chemical digestion takes place 9. Jejunum - middle section of small intestine; most nutrients of food are absorbed by this organ before further absorption in ileum 10. Ileum - last region of the small intestine; digestive material passes through here to get to the cecum 11. Cecum - beginning of large intestine pouch connected to ileum and the ascending colon 12. Ascending colon - takes digestive material up; region of large intestine 13. Transverse colon - longest, most movable part of the colon; in between the ascending and descending colon 14. Descending colon - moves digestive material downwards; region of large intestine 15. Sigmoid colon - loop of large intestine; closest to rectum, anus 16. Rectum - last portion of large intestine 17. Anus - opening of digestive tract which helps stool pass through Word Parts: PREFIX MEANING a-, an- Not, without de- Lack of; down; less; removal of dia- Through, complete dys- Pain; difficult endo- In; within epi- On; over; upon peri- Around, surrounding post- After; blood pre- Before; in front of sub- Below; under ultra- Beyond; excess ROOTS abdomin/o abdomen append/o, appendic/o appendix an/o anus bil/i Bile; gale cec/o cecum chol/o Gall; bile cholecyst/o gallbladder cirrh/o orange-yellow coll/o, colon/o colon cyst/o Cyst; fluid sac; bladder dent/i tooth duoden/o duodenum enter/o intestine esophag/o esophagus gastr/o stomach gingiv/o gums gloss/o tongue gluc/o, glyc/o Sugar, glucose hemat/o blood hepat/o liver ile/o ileum inguin/o groin jaund/o yellow jejun/o jejunum lampor/o Abdominal wall; abdomen ling/o tongue lith/o stone odont/o tooth or/o mouth pancreat/o pancreas peritone/o perineum phag/o Eat; swallow; engulf pharyng/o Pharynx; throat proct/o Rectum; anus rect/o Rectum sigmoid/o Sigmoid (colon) splen/o spleen Characteristics of the Digestive System: ● The four major functions of the digestive system are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination (definitions are in the table below) ● As food makes its journey through the digestive tract, it is called different things: ○ food going from the mouth to the stomach is called a bolus ○ a bolus is converted to chyme in the stomach ○ chyme is converted to feces in the large intestine Key Terms: TERMS MEANING absorption the process by which nutrients leave the digestive tract and enter the bloodstream appendix small, pouch-like sac of tissue located just off the cecum; its function is unclear bolus ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing borborygmi rumbling sounds caused by gas moving through the intestines bowel the portion of the digestive tract beyond the stomach; the intestines bowel obstruction when digested material is prevented from moving normally through the bowel chyme a pulpy substance that results when acidic gastric juices mix with partially digested food in the stomach defecation the discharge of feces from the body through the anus digestion the process by which food is broken down into smaller components elimination the excretion of solid waste from the body emesis action or process of vomiting eructation the release of gas from the stomach through the mouth; commonly known as belching feces (stool) the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested in the small intestine ingestion the intake of food and liquids into the body peristalsis the involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the digestive tract Diseases and Conditions: TERMS MEANING appendicitis disease in which the appendix becomes inflamed and often times filled with pus celiac disease autoimmune disease in which the ingestion of gluten results in damage to the small intestine cholecystitis inflammation of the gallbladder cholelithiasis the formation of hardened deposits (gallstones) within the fluid of the gallbladder cirrhosis chronic liver disease from various causes characterized by scarring and liver failure colon cancer malignant tumor of the large intestine Crohn’s disease chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract gastroenteritis inflammation of the stomach and intestines gastroesophageal reflux disease disease in which stomach acid backflows into the (GERD) esophagus causing irritation ileus temporary stoppage of intestinal peristalsis intussusception the folding of one section of the intestines into an adjacent section (much like a telescope), resulting in obstruction irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) a group of symptoms including diarrhea, bloating, cramping, and constipation that is associated with stress peptic ulcer an open sore in the stomach or duodenum caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall and covers the abdominal organs volvulus abnormal twisting of the intestines resulting in obstruction Accessory Organs: 1. Liver - makes bile that breaks apart fats 2. Gallbladder - stores bile 3. Pancreas - makes juices with different functions a. Amylase - breaks down carbohydrates b. Bicarbonate - acts as buffer c. Lipase - breaks down fats d. Trypsin - breaks down proteins Abdominal Quadrants: ● The four different types of quadrants and the organs they contain ● Think of the nine squares of the abdomen facing towards you Right Upper Quadrants (RUQ): Left Upper Quadrants (LUG): ● Liver ● Liver ● Stomach ● Left adrenal gland ● Gallbladder ● Stomach ● Duodenum ● Left kidney ● Right kidney ● Pancreas ● Pancreas ● Spleen ● Transverse colon ● Transverse colon ● Right adrenal gland ● Small intestine Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Left Lower Quadrants (LLQ): ● Small intestine ● Small intestine ● Large intestine ● Large intestine ● Cecum ● Left ureter ● Appendix ● Left reproductive organs: ● Right ureter ○ Fallopian tube (female) ● Right reproductive organs: ○ Ovary (female) ○ Ovary (female) ○ Spermatic cord (male) ○ Fallopian tube (female) ● Sigmoid colon ○ Spermatic cord (male) Abdominal Regions: ● The nine different abdominal regions ● Think of the nine squares of an abdomen facing towards you Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Hypogastric region Left iliac region