Medical Terminology Unit 10 Endocrine System

Unit 10: Endocrine System Word Parts: PREFIXES: MEANING anti- against endo- in; within exo- outward hyper- above; above normal; excessive hypo- below; below normal; deficient pan- everything; all para- near; beside; alongside; beyond; abnormal poly- many; much post- after; behind ultra- beyond; excess ROOTS; acid/o acid acr/o extremities aden/o gland adren/o, adrenal/o adrenal gland(s) anter/o front calc/o calcium crin/o secrete gigant/i abnormally large gluc/o, glyc/o sugar; glucose gonad/o sex glands gynec/o female; woman insulin/o insulin kal/i potassium mast/o breast myx/o mucus natr/o sodium ophthalm/o eye pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland pituitar/o pituitary gland radi/o x-rays thym/o thymus thyr/o, thyroid/o thyroid gland SUFFIXES: -al, -ary, -ic pertaining to -assay to analyze -carcinoma cancerous tumor -dipsia thirst -ectomy surgical removal; excision -edema swelling; fluid retention -emia blood condition -ia condition -ism process; condition -itis inflammation -megaly enlargement -oid like; resembling -oma tumor; mass -osis abnormal condition -pathy disease -phagia eating; swallowing -stasis stoppage of flow -tropin hormone -uria urination; condition of urine -y process; state Diseases and Conditions: 1. Exophthalmos - excessive protrusion by the eyeball, usually due to excessive secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland 2. Pheochromocytoma - rare tumor of the adrenal glands that secretes excessive epinephrine and norepinephrine, resulting in pounding headaches, hypertension, palpitations, paleness, and shortness of breath 3. Hirusutism - condition characterized by excessive growth of hair or presence of body hair in unusual places, especially in women; caused by hormonal imbalance resulting in overproduction of androgens (male sex hormones) 4. Cushing’s syndrome - disease resulting from excessive secretion of cortisol; caused by malfunctioning adrenal glands or excessive use of steroids; characterized by weakness, easily bruised skin, hypertension, and weight gain with a distinctive rounded face 5. Diabetes insipidus - rare type of diabetes in which the pituitary gland secretes an inadequate amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in excessive urine production and excessive thirst 6. Tetany - nervous system excitability and muscle spasms caused by parathyroid hormone deficiency that results in low blood calcium levels 7. Graves’ disease - autoimmune disease that causes excessive secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland; signs and symptoms include anxiety, tremors, heat sensitivity, and weight loss 8. Cretinism - congenital (present at birth) hypothyroidism; thyroid gland does not secrete sufficient thyroid hormone, resulting in delayed or abnormal physical and mental development 9. Diabetes mellitus (Type 1) - a chronic disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed for glucose (sugar) to enter cells; requires lifelong blood glucose monitoring and insulin supplementation 10. Gynecomastia - enlargement or swelling of breast tissue in males due to decreased male hormones (testosterone) or increased female hormones (estrogen) 11. SIADH - a condition in which too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by the pituitary gland, resulting in fluid retention and increased blood volume 12. Acromegaly - enlargement of the face, feet, and hands due to excessive secretion of growth hormone; caused by malfunction of the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland 13. Myxedema - severe form of hypothyroidism (deficiency of thyroid hormone) that results in characteristic features such as dry skin and hair, facial swelling, hoarse voice, thickened skin, and mental/physical slowness 14. Gigantism - rare condition characterized by excessive secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland in children; results in an abnormally tall stature, prominent jaw and forehead, thick fingers and toes, and other features 15. Panhypopituitarism - condition of inadequate secretion, or total lack of secretion, of anterior pituitary hormones 16. Addison’s disease - disease resulting from insufficient secretion of hormones (cortisol and sometimes aldosterone) from the adrenal glands; signs and symptoms include anemia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, fatigue, and joint pain Endocrine System Glands: 1. Adrenal glands - also known as the adrenals; produces hormones that regulates your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions; composed of the cortex and the medulla which are each responsible for producing different hormones 2. Hypothalamus - produces releasing and inhibiting hormones, which stop and starts the production of hormones throughout the body 3. Pancreas - secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels throughout the day 4. Parathyroid glands - also known as the parathyroids; there are four; produces a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) that raises the blood calcium level by breaking down the bone (where most of the body's calcium is stored) and causing calcium release 5. Pineal gland - also known as the pineal body; produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm (natural sleep-wake cycle about every 24 hours) and regulate reproductive hormones 6. Pituitary gland - also known as the pituitary; main function is to secrete hormones into bloodstream; can affect other organs, especially the thyroid 7. Ovaries - (there are two; females only) Secretes hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, that are vital to normal reproductive development and fertility; oval-shaped and the size of a large grape 8. Testes - (there are two; males only) Secretes testosterone, a hormone that is vital to the normal development of male physical characteristics 9. Thymus gland - also known as thymus; makes white blood cells called T lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops; starts to shrink after puberty 10. Thyroid gland - also known as the thyroid; produces hormones that regulates the body's metabolic rate as well as the heart, digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood and brain maintenance; its correct function depends on having a good supply of iodine from the diet