Menstruation and Transmission of Sexual Diseases in Reproductive Organs

MENSTRUATION AND TRANSMISSION OF SEXUAL DISEASES IN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 1. Explain the meaning of menstruation experienced by women Menstruation is a discharge of blood, mucus and epithelial cells that make up the uterine wall through the vagina. The menstrual cycle will occur if the egg cells produced by the ovaries are not fertilized by sperm cells. One menstrual cycle lasts 28 days. However, there are women who experience shorter or longer menstrual cycles. A woman who experiences a short menstrual cycle, the cycle will last ± 18 days. A woman who experiences a long menstrual cycle, the cycle will last for ± 40 days. The first phase of the menstrual cycle is the menstrual phase, in this phase the hormone FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) triggers the development of follicles in the ovaries. The FSH hormone is a hormone produced by the pituitary or pituitary gland. In this phase, the uterine wall sheds and a woman experiences menstruation. In the process of follicular development, several follicles develop. However, there is only one follicle that can continue to develop each month. At the beginning of its development, follicles produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. The hormones estrogen and progesterone will trigger the uterine wall to thicken. At this time the uterine wall is undergoing a proliferation phase. The purpose of thickening the uterine wall is to prepare a place for the embryo to attach when the egg is fertilized by sperm. Another function of the estrogen hormone is to trigger the pituitary gland to produce the hormones FSH and LH (luteinizing hormone). The LH hormone continues to be produced and increases suddenly. This increase in the LH hormone will trigger the release of egg cells from mature follicles, this process is called ovulation. The third phase is the secretory phase. The follicle that has released the egg cell will turn into a corpus luteum. The egg that has been ovulated will be captured by the fimbriae and will move towards the fallopian tube. If at that time the egg cell is not fertilized by sperm (no fertilization occurs), then a certain signal will be sent to the corpus luteum not to produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone anymore. Thus, in this phase the amount of the hormones estrogen and progesterone in women becomes low. Low levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone cause the tissue that makes up the uterine wall to be damaged and the blood vessels in the uterine wall to burst, so that women will experience menstruation. Based on the menstrual cycle, the process of menstruation occurs during the menstrual phase, namely the phase of follicle development in the ovaries which is triggered by the FSH hormone. In this phase, the uterine wall sheds and a woman experiences menstruation. This decay occurs due to low levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Based on the process steps, it can be seen that menstruation is the process of expelling blood, mucus and epithelial cells that make up the uterine wall through the vagina due to the shedding of the uterine wall. The menstrual process is triggered by the high FSH hormone and the low estrogen progesterone hormone. High FSH triggers the development of follicles in the ovaries and causes the uterine wall to shed. The hormones estrogen and progesterone are low due to the egg being unfertilized and causing the uterine wall to shed. 2. Explain the functions of the reproductive parts in mammals The mammalian reproductive system has several parts of the reproductive system. These parts include the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, endometrium, cervix, vagina, fimbrae. The ovaries have a structure shaped like an egg, two in number, located to the right and left of the uterus and function to produce egg cells (ovum) and as a place for ovulation. The ovum that comes out of the ovary is captured by fimbrae which have a fringed structure like fingers. The captured ovum then passes through the oviduct. The oviduct is a tube ± 10 cm long that connects the ovary to the uterus (uterus). The oviduct also functions as a fertilization site. The ovum and sperm cells that fertilize occur then travel to the uterus. The uterus has a pear-like structure which functions as a place for the fetus to develop during pregnancy. The uterus is lined by a layer called the endometrium. The endometrium is the place where fertilized eggs attach and can shed during menstruation. At the bottom of the uterus there is tissue whose structure narrows and opens towards the vagina. The vagina itself is a channel that connects the external environment with the uterus, the channel through which menstrual blood flows, and the channel for the baby to come out. Based on the explanation above, it can be seen that the uterus, which is part of the reproductive system in mammals, has a function as a place for the development of the fetus during pregnancy. 3. Explain how HIV/AIDS is transmitted to humans Based on the questions, it can be seen that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted and its transmission can be prevented. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a disease that attacks the patient's immune system. This disease is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). A person who is infected with HIV, their immune system will increasingly decline. Within 5-7 years the sufferer appears to be a healthy person, not yet showing symptoms. The next phase of AIDS can only be diagnosed after the body's immunity is greatly reduced and certain diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, herpes, nervous disorders, etc. arise. However, not everyone who suffers from the disease mentioned above definitely suffers from AIDS. This phase lasts 3-6 months. To determine whether someone is positive for AIDS or not, the number of T cells (one of the white blood cells that plays a role in immunity) must be checked in the laboratory. HIV can be transmitted from (infected) parents to their children, through infected blood transfusions, promiscuity and using needles for illegal drugs such as narcotics. Even though it is contagious, HIV cannot be transmitted through touching, sharing eating utensils, or mosquito bites so people suffering from HIV/AIDS do not need to be avoided. By knowing how it is transmitted, HIV/AIDS can be prevented by avoiding promiscuity and not using drugs. Based on the steps taken, it can be concluded that HIV can be transmitted from parents (who are infected) to their children, through infected blood transfusions, promiscuity and using needles for illegal drugs such as narcotics. Even though it is contagious, HIV cannot be transmitted through touching, sharing eating utensils, or mosquito bites so people suffering from HIV/AIDS do not need to be avoided. By knowing how it is transmitted, HIV/AIDS can be prevented by avoiding promiscuity and not using drugs. 4. Explain how polyspermy is prevented by using electric charges In the fertilization process it should be monospermic, that is, only one sperm nucleus can fertilize the individual cells that form diploid results, but there is one characteristic that is wrong during fertilization, namely polyspermy. Polyspermy is a condition where more than one sperm nucleus can fertilize an egg cell. After fertilization occurs or the process of fusion of the spermatozoa membrane and the plasma membrane of the egg cell, the spermatozoa cell nucleus, mitochondria, centrioles and flagella can enter the egg cell. Meanwhile, the basal body of the spermatozoa flagella divides and forms two centrosomes. After the spermatozoa enter the egg cell, a cortical reaction will occur which causes other spermatozoa bound to ZP3 to be unable to enter the egg cell. Then the egg cell membrane will form a protective layer that prevents polyspermy. The mechanism for preventing polyspermy is divided into two, namely the fast mechanism and the slow mechanism: a. In the fast mechanism there is a change in ions, causing membrane depolarization. Depolarization of the egg cell membrane involves changes in the electrical potential of the membrane that occur rapidly, perhaps only a few seconds immediately after the sperm enters the egg. As with other cell membranes, the egg cell membrane can generate a different membrane potential which is called resting membrane potential. In a fertilized egg, the resting membrane potential is negatively charged. Fusion of the sperm acrosomal tubule with the egg plasma membrane causes the plasma membrane to rapidly depolarize causing the membrane to become positively charged, and within 2-3 seconds the entire cell membrane potential becomes positive. A positive membrane potential causes other sperm to be unable to fuse with the plasma membrane of the egg cell. This event is the basis for the rapid inhibition of polyspermy. b. The slow mechanism is permanent and involves several enzymes secreted by cortical granules to catalyze the zona pellucida and then permanently block and prevent polyspermy. This event is called a zone reaction. The presence of cortical granules (for example in mice) containing the enzyme N-acetylglucosaminidase that cuts ZP3 sugar residues will untie spermatozoa from the zona pellucida and inhibit the entry of other spermatozoa. The N-acetylglucosaminidase enzyme cuts the N-acetylglucosaminidase bond from the ZP3 sugar chain. On the other hand, protease enzymes secreted by cortical granules will digest ZP2. Based on the explanation of the steps above, the prevention of polyspermy using changes in electrical charge is by depolarizing the egg cell membrane which occurs only a few seconds after the sperm cell nucleus enters. This process is caused by changes in ions. The egg cell membrane can generate a different membrane potential (resting potential). Where initially the negative charge becomes positively charged within a few seconds, this causes the sperm cell nucleus to not be able to enter the egg cell membrane. 5. Explain the relationship between the FSH hormone graph and the thickness of the endometrium in a woman's uterus Based on this question, it is known that during a person's pregnancy, the thickness of the endometrium must be maintained and this is related to the hormonal system. Then asked about the hormonal mechanism to thicken and maintain the thickness of the endometrial wall and make a graph of the relationship between FSH and the thickness of the edometrium. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate follicle growth. The growing follicles will also produce estrogen which plays a role in the growth of the endometrium / thickening of the uterine wall. After ovulation, the hormone progreteron is produced by the corpus luteum. This hormone will play a role in maintaining the thickness of the endometrial wall. If a person has formed a placenta after pregnancy, then the placenta will produce HCG human chorionic gonadotrophin) which will maintain the corpus luteum from degenerating.