The Process of Sex Cell Formation in the Human Body

THE PROCESS OF SEX CELL FORMATION IN THE HUMAN BODY 1. Explain the process of forming sex cells through the process of meiosis In this question, it is known that the process of formation of sex cells is through the process of meiosis. Asked the reason why sex cells are formed through the process of meiosis. The work process is to describe meiotic division, describe the reasons for the formation of sex cells through the meiotic division process, draw conclusions about which answer choices are in accordance with the reasons for the formation of sex cells through the meiotic division process. Meiosis is cell division that produces four daughter cells, each daughter cell only has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. The process of formation of sex cells occurs through meiotic division so that offspring (new individuals) have a combination of characteristics from both parents and still have chromosomes (2n). Meiosis division is also called reduction division, because the cells resulting from meiosis division have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. If the number of chromosomes the parent cell has is 2n, then the number of chromosomes in the resulting daughter cells is n. Therefore, the number of chromosomes in sperm and egg cells is n. During the fertilization process (meeting of sperm cells and ovum) a zygote will be formed. The zygote obtains chromosomes from sperm cells (n) and egg cell chromosomes (n) so that the zygote has chromosomes (2n). In the next stage, the zygote will develop into a new individual which has the same number of 2n chromosomes as the parent. 2. Explain the reasons why circumcision is recommended Circumcision is the process of cutting or removing a part in the form of a fold of skin located at the tip of the penis, this part is called the foreskin (prepuce). By performing a circumcision, the flesh covering the penis will be removed so that the possibility of residual dirt sticking to it can be minimized, making it easier to clean. In addition, when urine comes out through the skin covering the genitals, the deposits of dirt, which are usually called smegma, are partially retained by the skin. As time goes on, the precipitate will increase. Therefore, you can imagine how long a person wastes urine in a day and how much sediment is deposited by the skin covering the genitals in a year. Therefore, if it is not cleaned, the retained dirt deposits can cause infections of the penis and other diseases. Circumcision can be performed on adults, children, and can also be performed on babies. The reason for the recommendation to circumcise is for health. Meanwhile, in a religious context (Islam in particular), circumcision is not just a recommendation for health/cleanliness but rather an obligation for a man. This is because circumcision is the fulfillment of human nature as a servant of God. In Indonesia, this process is generally carried out when boys enter elementary school age or around 6-10 years. The older the boy or man who is circumcised, the greater the risks, level of complexity and length of the healing process. There are several benefits for a man having a circumcision, including reducing the risk of urinary tract infections, reducing the risk of penile cancer, reducing the risk of being infected with sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes or syphilis, preventing the occurrence of penis problems, such as pain in the head or foreskin of the penis which is called phimosis. , makes the health of the penis better maintained, because a circumcised penis is easier to clean, circumcision is able to prevent inflammation caused by bacteria. Based on the explanation and steps that have been taken, the reason for the recommendation to circumcise is for health. Meanwhile, in a religious context (Islam in particular), circumcision is not just a recommendation for health/cleanliness but rather an obligation for a man. Some of the benefits of a man having a circumcision include reducing the risk of urinary tract infections, reducing the risk of penile cancer, reducing the risk of being infected with sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes or syphilis, preventing the occurrence of penile pain, such as pain in the head or foreskin of the penis called phimosis, maintains penis health, because a circumcised penis is easier to clean, circumcision is able to prevent inflammation caused by bacteria. 3. Explain why amniotic fluid (amnion) can help the birth process with the baby's frictional force Amniotic fluid (amnion) is a fluid that contains various important components such as hormones, nutrients and antibodies as an antidote to infections that surround the baby in the womb during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid is clear yellowish in color and odorless. Amniotic fluid begins to be produced after the amniotic bladder forms around 12 days after fertilization. This fluid will faithfully accompany and protect the baby in the womb until the birth process arrives. Amniotic fluid will help the birth process by acting as a lubricant or lubricant so that the baby can come out easily. The amniotic sac generally breaks before birth. When the fetus is ready to be born, amniotic fluid will flow from the vagina. After that, you may experience stronger and more regular contractions. During labor, the amniotic fluid can even out the pressure or contractions in the uterus, so that the cervix opens and when the amniotic sac breaks, the amniotic fluid that comes out will simultaneously clean the birth canal. Another function of amniotic fluid is that it can also act as a lubricant that prevents the fingers from growing intertwined with each other and maintains good fetal development. Low levels of amniotic fluid in the uterus can be one of the causes of babies being born with fused fingers. Apart from that, the amniotic fluid will fill the amniotic sac and then press the bag in all directions, causing the amniotic sac to expand and will spread the pressure in all directions equally when there is an impact on the uterus. Amniotic fluid also cannot be compressed, meaning that when the amniotic sac is compressed, the volume of the amniotic sac cannot decrease so that the amniotic fluid can provide space for the fetus to move while it develops. Amniotic fluid also protects the fetus from collisions with the uterine wall, this fluid also provides fluid and nutritional reserves for the fetus, and is an incubator or natural temperature regulator for the fetus. Based on the explanation and steps that have been taken, the reason amniotic fluid (amnion) can help the birth process is related to the frictional force between the baby and the mother's reproductive tract, namely to help the birth process by acting as a lubricant or lubricant so that the baby can easily come out. The amniotic sac generally breaks before birth. When the fetus is ready to be born, amniotic fluid will flow from the vagina. After that, you may experience stronger and more regular contractions. During labor, the amniotic fluid can even out the pressure or contractions in the uterus, so that the cervix opens and when the amniotic sac breaks, the amniotic fluid that comes out will simultaneously clean the birth canal. 4. Explain why amniotic fluid (amnion) functions to detect genetic abnormalities in the fetus Amniotic fluid (amnion) is a fluid that contains various important components such as hormones, nutrients and antibodies as an antidote to infections that surround the baby in the womb during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid has the same composition of genetic material as the composition of the genetic material in the fetus so that if an abnormality in the composition of the genetic material in the amnion is detected, it can be concluded that there is an abnormality in the composition of the genetic material in the fetus. This examination is called amniocentesis. This can be done because the amniotic fluid contains fragments of fetal skin cells. This amniocentesis examination should be carried out before the pregnancy enters the second trimester. In the amniocentesis procedure, the doctor uses a special needle to take a sample of amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid), by inserting it into the mother's stomach to the uterus. The doctor will examine the fluid containing cells to provide clues about the condition of the fetus. The cells are examined based on the size and number of the fetal chromosomes, which shows if there is a risk or disorder that is harmful to the fetus, one of which is to detect Down syndrome. This test has an accuracy of up to 90 percent for detecting chromosomal disorders, Down syndrome, trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and disorders such as Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. This test can also check if the fetus has genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, and Tay-Sachs disease. However, this test cannot detect possible structural birth defects in the fetus, such as heart malformations or cleft lip. This test will be carried out if during the ultrasound examination, the doctor finds something abnormal so it is necessary to perform amniocentesis. Based on the explanation and steps that have been taken, the reason why amniotic fluid functions as a detector for hereditary (genetic) abnormalities in the fetus is that the amniotic fluid has the same genetic material composition as the genetic material structure in the fetus so that if an abnormality in the genetic material structure is detected in the amnion then It can be concluded that there is an abnormality in the composition of the genetic material in the fetus. This test has an accuracy of up to 90 percent for detecting chromosomal disorders, Down syndrome, trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and disorders such as Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. This test can also check if the fetus has genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, and Tay-Sachs disease. However, this test cannot detect possible structural birth defects in the fetus, such as heart malformations or cleft lip. This test will be carried out if during the ultrasound examination, the doctor finds something abnormal so it is necessary to perform amniocentesis. 5. Explain the part of the testicles that functions to produce sperm and the hormone testosterone In the explanation of the question, it is known that the testicles are the round-shaped internal reproductive organs that men have, numbering 2 (1 pair). The testicles function as sperm producers. Sperm is a mixture of sperm fluid and sperm cells. Sperm cells are single male sex cells that have a head and tail. The testicles also produce testosterone which functions as a hormone that influences the physical appearance during puberty. The testicles have parts including the scrotum, tunica, testicular septum, seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent duct, and epididymis. The outermost part of the testicles is the scrotum, which is skin tissue that functions to cover the testicles. Under the scrotum there is the tunica which is the tissue surrounding the testicles. The tunica develops into the testis to form the testicular septum. The testicular septum is a hollow partition that houses the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubules are round, circular tubes that serve as a place for the process of spermatogenesis and produce the hormone testosterone. Sperm produced from the seminiferous tubules continues to the rete testis and then to the efferent duct. Then the sperm cells are stored and matured in the epididymis. Based on the processing steps, it was concluded that the part of the testis that plays a role in the production of sperm and testosterone hormone is called the seminiferous tubule