Types of Pollination Processes in Plants

TYPES OF POLLINATION PROCESSES IN PLANTS 1. Explain the pollination process in cottonwood trees It is known that there are questions about how seeds spread and the intermediaries that help them in kapok trees. So the first thing you have to know is what a kapok tree actually is. The kapok tree or commonly called kapok kapok is a tropical tree that belongs to the Magnoliopsida class with the Latin name Ceiba petandra. Kapok trees are less than 2 meters high, have roots that run horizontally across the ground. Kapok or kapok trees will bear fruit after growing for about 4-5 years. This tree grows well in areas with a maximum height of 500 meters from the ground and rainfall of 1500-2000 mm/year. This kapok tree has various benefits, including: • Treating heartburn • Treat coughs • Maintain oral health • Treats eye pain • Prevents premature aging • Healthy digestion • Removes scars • Treats diarrhea • Treats hemorrhoids • Treats dysentery. Kapok has black seeds. However, sometimes it also has gray and light yellow seeds. These seeds are wrapped in kapok fibers so that they are sometimes not visible. Kapok seeds are located in clusters and covered by thick kapok. But then the seeds and the attached kapok fibers will separate. So after being separated, the seeds will fall due to gravitational force. This is also caused by kapok seeds which are relatively light and small. Based on the description of kapok seeds, the intermediary for the spread of kapok seeds is wind or ANEMOKARI. This is because the characteristics of plants whose seed pollination is mediated by wind are as follows: a) Small seeds b) Light seeds c) Winged seeds Kapok trees spread seeds mediated by the wind or called anemocari. Seeds that have separated from the kapok fiber will fall due to gravitational force, then will be carried by the wind. 2. Explain the pollination process in rice plants It is known that there is a question about how the seeds are distributed and the media for the distribution of seeds from rice. So the first thing to do is know the general meaning of rice. Rice, which belongs to the Poaceae family with the Latin name Oryza sativa, is an important commodity in fulfilling the basic food needs of Indonesian people. Next, to know how seeds spread from rice, you need to know the morphology of rice. The following is a description of rice morphology: • Roots --> Rice is classified as a monocot, so it has fibrous roots. • Stem--> The stem of rice is composed of several segments because it is a Graminae plant. The segments on rice stems are empty ridges. The empty tube is closed at both ends by a book. The length of the segments on rice stems is not the same. The shortest segments are at the base of the stem and the 2nd, 3rd and so on segments will be longer than the previous segments. • Leaves--> The characteristic of rice leaves is the presence of scales and leaf ears. The parts of rice leaves include: leaf blade, leaf midrib (upih) and leaf tongue. • Flowers--> A collection of rice flowers that stick out at the top of the node is called a panicle. The length of the panicle depends on the rice variety grown and how it is planted. The parts of a rice flower consist of: anthers, anthers, palea, lemma, stigma, flower stalk. • Fruit --> The fruit of rice is what we usually call seeds or grains of grain. The benefits of rice include being a source of energy, a source of protein, a medicinal and cosmetic ingredient, rich in nutrients, can strengthen bones and teeth, can relieve constipation and contains antioxidants. The process of dispersal of rice seeds when viewed from the structure of the seeds is mediated by humans or is called ANTHROPOCORY. The dispersal of seeds with the help of humans is characterized by their structure being easy to stick to clothing and most plants in the agricultural sector. The spread of rice seeds is mediated by humans or is called ANTHROPOCORY. This is due to the characteristic of rice seeds which easily stick to clothing and is one of the crops in the agricultural sector. 3. Explain the pollination process in coffee plants It is known that there are questions regarding how the seeds are distributed in coffee and the medium by which the seeds are distributed. So the thing that must be done first is to know the general meaning of the coffee plant. The coffee plant (Coffea, sp.) belongs to the Rubiaceae family which grows upright with branches and can reach a height of 12 m. Types of coffee that are often cultivated include: Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee and Liberica coffee. Next, you also need to know the morphology of the coffee plant as follows: • Roots --> Coffee plants have a tap root that grows from the root of the body • Stem--> coffee plants have upright and branched stems. The stem of the coffee plant is large at the bottom and gets smaller towards the tip. Coffee plants can reach 12 m in height. • Leaves --> Coffee plants have oval-shaped leaves and grow on stems, branches and twigs. Arranged side by side in the armpit. The leaves on the coffee plant are green, pointed at the tip and base and have edges that never meet because they are separated by the base at the end of the leaf stalk which is blunt in shape. • Flowers --> coffee plants can produce flowers in large quantities, located in the leaf axils, forming a series of clusters, so they are called compound flowers. • Fruit --> the fruit of the coffee plant when it is young is light green then turns dark green, then yellow and red or dark red when it is ripe which contains a lot of glucose • Seeds --> coffee plants have closed seeds. It has 2 layers, namely the outer layer which is hard like wood and the second layer which is a thin membrane or epidermis. The benefits of the coffee plant include: losing weight, preventing diabetes, reducing stress and depression, improving memory, preventing cancer and many more. Based on the morphological description of the coffee plant, the process of spreading coffee plant seeds is mediated by animals or is called ZOOKORI. The spread of coffee beans is aided by the civet animal, which is a mammal, so it is called MAMMOKORI. The spread of coffee plant seeds is mediated by animals called ZOOKORI. The animal that helps spread coffee seeds is the civet animal, which is a mammal, so it is called MAMMOKORI. 4. Explain the life cycle of Angiosperms It is known that there are questions in the form of images of overlapping life development cycles of Angiosperms. So to fill in the overlapping parts, what must be done is to first know the meaning of Angiosperms and the development cycle of Angiosperms. Angiosperms or closed seed plants are plants with the characteristic that the seeds are in the ovary or fruit ovary. This plant provides almost all food from plants. The development process of Angiospermae plants occurs through the following stages: • The initial stage is the pollination or pollination process, this process is the stage where the pollen falls onto the stigma. • Then, if you find a suitable stigma, the pollen will absorb water and germinate to form a pollen tube which will move to the ovary via the pistil. • Then the generative nucleus will divide into two and will develop into two sperm cell nuclei. Then one vegetative cell nucleus will play a role in guiding the growth of the pollen grain towards the ovule. • Meanwhile, one sperm cell nucleus will fertilize the ovum and form a zygote, and another sperm cell nucleus will fertilize the secondary organ nucleus and form endosperm or food reserves. After the fertilization process occurs, the ovule will develop into a seed and the ovary will develop into a fruit that envelops the seed. Then the seeds will spread. If it finds a suitable place, it will germinate and grow. Based on the life development process of Angiospermae plants, the sequence of cycles and structures in the picture is as follows: • Pollination process • Seed structure • Fruit structure • Germination process • Flower structure • Stamen structure • Pistil structure • Pollen structure. 5. Explain the function of the wings in the pollen and seeds of gymnosperm plants In this problem it is known that pollen and seeds of gymnosperm plants have wings. Asked what the function of the wings is in the pollen and seeds of Gymnospermae plants. The work process is to describe the meaning of gymnosperm plants, describe the function of the wings in the pollen and seeds of Gymnospermae plants, draw conclusions about answers that are in accordance with the function of the wings in the pollen and seeds of Gymnospermae plants. Gymnosperms are plants whose seeds are not covered by fruit skin or have open seeds. Gymnospermae plants do not have flowers like Angiospermae plants. However, Gymnospermae plants have a generative reproductive tool called a strobilus or conifer. In pine and melinjo plants, there are two types of strobilus in one tree, namely male strobilus and female strobilus. Male strobilus contain microsporangia (spore chambers). In the sporangia the cells will undergo meiotic division and produce microspores (male spores). Microspores will develop to form pollen. The pollen on pine plants has wings. The wings on pollen are used to help the pollen reach the ovum and ovule because in Gymnospermae the male strobilus and female strobilus are not located close together. Winged seeds are also used to disperse seeds with the help of the wind. Pollination in Gymnosperms is classified as anemogamy (pollination assisted by the wind) and seed dispersal is classified as anemochory (the process of seed dispersal with the assistance of the wind). Light and small seeds are not too affected by the earth's gravitational force. The presence of wings on the seeds can help the seeds to be easily carried by the wind. The direction of movement of seeds follows the direction of wind movement. Pollination in Gymnosperms occurs when pollen sticks to the ovule hole. The pollen will be caught by the fluid in the ovule hole. If the liquid evaporates, the pollen will be able to enter the ovule and fertilization will occur. Based on the explanation and steps that have been taken, the function of the wings in the pollen and seeds of Gymnospermae plants is to help the pollen reach the ovum and ovule because in Gymnosperms the male strobilus and female strobilus are not located close together. Winged seeds are also used to disperse seeds with the help of the wind. Pollination in Gymnosperms is classified as anemogamy (pollination assisted by the wind) and seed dispersal is classified as anemochory (the process of seed dispersal with the assistance of the wind). Light and small seeds are not too affected by the earth's gravitational force. The presence of wings on the seeds can help the seeds to be easily carried by the wind. The direction of movement of seeds follows the direction of wind movement.