Reproductive Equipment and Menstrual Process

GET TO KNOW THE REPRODUCTIVE EQUIPMENT AND THE MENSTRUAL PROCESS IN HUMAN GENITALS 1. Explain the parts of the male reproductive organ The male genitals are divided into 2, namely the internal and external. The outer part is the penis while the inner part is the testicles, vas deferens, urethra, reproductive glands. The penis is the outlet for muscles and sperm. The penis consists of boneless muscle tissue. The testes themselves have parts including the scrotum, tunica, testicular septum, seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts, and epididymis. The outermost part of the testicles is the scrotum, which is skin tissue that functions to cover the testicles. Under the scrotum there is the tunica which is the tissue surrounding the testicles. The tunica develops into the testis to form the testicular septum. The testicular septum is a hollow partition that houses the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubules are round, circular tubes that serve as a place for the process of spermatogenesis and produce the hormone testosterone. Sperm produced from the seminiferous tubules continues to the rete testis and then to the efferent duct. Then the sperm cells are stored and matured in the epididymis. The vas deferens and urethra are the reproductive tract. The vas deferen is a tube that connects the epididymis and urethra and functions as a channel for sperm to the urethra. The urethra is the final channel of the male reproductive tract found in the penis. The urethra functions as a channel for urine and sperm to exit. The reproductive glands consist of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper's glands. The function of the seminal vesicles is to produce an alkaline fluid containing fructose (monosaccharide sugar), prostaglandin hormones and clotting proteins. The function of the prostate gland is to produce whitish prostate fluid. Cowper's glands function to protect sperm by neutralizing urine which has an acidic pH remaining in the urethra and coating the urethra. 2. Explain the number of chromosomes in spermatogonia and spermatozoa Diploid is the term for cells that have 2 sets of genomes, while haploid is the term for cells that have 1 genome. Diploid cells can divide into haploid cells and haploid cells can fuse with other haploid cells to become diploid cells. Diploid is usually symbolized by 2n, while haploid is symbolized by n. Spermatogonia are the parents of sperm cells which are separated by seminiferous tubules. Meanwhile, spermatozoa are mature sperm cells. This cell maturation is called spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis begins with one spermatogonium (2n) dividing by mitosis into one primary spermatocyte (2n), then dividing by meiosis I into two secondary spermatocytes (n), then dividing again by meiosis II into four spermatids (n). Spermatids (n) then differentiate into spermatozoa (n). 3. Explain the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive organs The female reproductive organs consist of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, endometrium, cervix, vagina, fimbrae. The ovaries have a structure shaped like an egg, two in number, located to the right and left of the uterus and function to produce egg cells (ovum) and as a place for ovulation. The ovum that comes out of the ovary is captured by fimbrae which have a fringed structure like fingers. The captured ovum then passes through the oviduct. The oviduct is a tube ± 10 cm long that connects the ovary to the uterus (uterus). The oviduct also functions as a fertilization site. The ovum and sperm cells that fertilize occur then travel to the uterus. The uterus has a pear-like structure which functions as a place for the fetus to develop during pregnancy. The uterus is lined by a layer called the endometrium. The endometrium is the place where fertilized eggs attach and can shed during menstruation. At the bottom of the uterus there is tissue whose structure narrows and opens towards the vagina. The vagina itself is a channel that connects the external environment with the uterus, the channel through which menstrual blood flows, and the channel for the baby to come out. 4. Explain the meaning of oogenesis Oogenesis is the process of formation of female sex cells, namely egg cells. The process occurs in an organ called the ovary. Oogenesis begins before the female child is born. When a girl is just born, she already has 200,000 to 2,000,000 ovum cells (primordial cells). Only about 40,000 are left when girls enter puberty and only 400 will mature or develop fully. One mature egg is ovulated (released from the ovary) during a woman's reproductive cycle (menstrual cycle). Inside the ovaries there are small follicles with potential egg cells inside them (primordial follicles). The follicles and egg cells grow larger and become primary follicles, then develop into secondary follicles, and finally become mature follicles. As the follicle develops, the primordial cells will divide by mitosis to form oogonium or egg mother cells which are diploid (2n). The oogonium will then undergo mitotic division to form a primary oocyte which is diploid (2n). The primary oocyte then undergoes stage I meiotic division (meiosis I) to form one secondary oocyte (n) and one pollocyte (n). Polocytes (n) then undergo stage II meiotic division (meiosis II) producing two pollocytes (n). The secondary oocyte then also undergoes stage II meiotic division (meiosis II) to form one ootid (n) and one pollocyte (n). The ootid then undergoes differentiation to form an ovum. At the end of the oogenesis event, one egg parent cell (oogonium) will produce one egg cell (ovum) which is haploid (n) and three pollocytes (polar bodies) which are haploid (n). However, only one egg cell (ovum) can function. 5. Explain the hormones that trigger the development of follicles and thickening of the uterine wall Based on the questions given, it can be seen that follicular development and thickening of the uterine wall are included in the menstrual cycle. Menstruation itself is a discharge of blood, mucus and epithelial cells that make up the uterine wall through the vagina. The menstrual cycle will occur if the egg cells produced by the ovaries are not fertilized by sperm cells. One menstrual cycle lasts 28 days. However, there are women who experience shorter or longer menstrual cycles. A woman who experiences a short menstrual cycle, the cycle will last ± 18 days. A woman who experiences a long menstrual cycle, the cycle will last for ± 40 days. The first phase of the menstrual cycle is the menstrual phase, in this phase the hormone FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) triggers the development of follicles in the ovaries. The FSH hormone is a hormone produced by the pituitary or pituitary gland. In this phase, the uterine wall sheds and a woman experiences menstruation. In the process of follicular development, several follicles develop. However, there is only one follicle that can continue to develop each month. At the beginning of its development, follicles produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. The hormones estrogen and progesterone will trigger the uterine wall to thicken. At this time the uterine wall is undergoing a proliferation phase. The purpose of thickening the uterine wall is to prepare a place for the embryo to attach when the egg is fertilized by sperm. Another function of the estrogen hormone is to trigger the pituitary gland to produce the hormones FSH and LH (luteinizing hormone). The LH hormone continues to be produced and increases suddenly. This increase in the LH hormone will trigger the release of egg cells from mature follicles, this process is called ovulation. The third phase is the secretory phase. The follicle that has released the egg cell will turn into a corpus luteum. The egg that has been ovulated will be captured by the fimbriae and will move towards the fallopian tube. If at that time the egg cell is not fertilized by sperm (no fertilization occurs), then a certain signal will be sent to the corpus luteum not to produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone anymore. Thus, in this phase the amount of the hormones estrogen and progesterone in women becomes low. Low levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone cause the tissue that makes up the uterine wall to be damaged and the blood vessels in the uterine wall to burst, so that women will experience menstruation. 6. Explain the meaning of the fertilization process in women Fertilization is a process of fusion or fusion (Syngami) of the male gamete cell nucleus (Spermatozoon) with the female gamete cell nucleus (Ovum) to form a single cell. Fertilization can occur both inside (internal) the body and outside (internal) the body. The function of fertilization is for reproductive and developmental functions. The fertilization process that occurs in the body is in the fallopian tubes. There are several stages in fertilization, namely: 1) Preparatory stage: capacitation and acrosome reaction 2) The stage of binding of spermatozoa to egg cells (ovum). 3) Fusion stage Cortical reactions The process can be simply explained like this. First, ovulation occurs, the release of an egg from the ovary. After that, fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, the fusion of the spermatozoa cell nucleus with the egg cell nucleus to produce a zygote. Then, remaining in the fallopian tube, the zygote divides into two daughter cells, four, eight, sixteen and so on. 7. Explain how the menstrual process in women occurs Based on this question, it is known that there are events that occur during the menstrual cycle, whether fertilization occurs or not. Menstruation is an event that occurs when the egg cells in the fallopian tubes are not fertilized by sperm cells. The menstrual cycle itself is divided into four phases, including; a. Menstrual phase In this phase, the lining of the inner wall of the uterus which contains blood, uterine wall cells and mucus, known as the endometrium, breaks down and comes out through the vagina. b. Pre-ovulatory phase This phase occurs from the first day of menstruation until entering the ovulation phase. At this stage, the ovaries produce follicles that contain egg cells. The growth of ovarian follicles then causes the endometrium to become thicker. c. Ovulation phase In this phase, the egg is released ready to be fertilized by sperm. The mature egg moves to the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall. These egg cells generally only last for 24 hours. If no sperm enters to fertilize it, the egg will die. However, if the egg meets sperm and is fertilized, pregnancy can occur. d. Post-ovulatory phase. After the ovulation phase, the follicle that has ruptured to release the egg will form a corpus luteum, which triggers an increase in the hormone progesterone to thicken the lining of the uterus. Based on the cycle, if fertilization does not occur, which means the egg cell is fertilized by sperm cells, then the egg cell and the lining of the uterine wall will decay and come out as menstrual blood. In this case, the lining of the uterine wall is the attachment point for the fetus which is formed when fertilization occurs. During menstruation there are the hormones estrogen and progesterone which regulate and interact with each other. However, the main task of the hormone progesterone is to prepare the body for pregnancy. So this hormone will increase when a woman is pregnant and vice versa. 8. Name several venereal diseases of the male reproductive system Diseases of the human reproductive system are diseases that originate from external and internal factors in the human body that affect the genital organs, both for men and women. In some types of this disease, it can potentially infect other people. Characteristics that can indicate a disease of the reproductive organs: • Gonorrhea: inflammation of the urethra area so it feels hot and itchy, discharge from the body which is sometimes accompanied by blood, pain during erection, caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Herpes simplex genitalis: feels itchy, painful, or there is redness in the area of the reproductive organs, watery bumps appear, caused by the Herpes simplex virus type II. • Syphilis: there are sores at the site where the bacteria enter the body, caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria HIV/AIDS: weight loss, fever, cough, diarrhea, swollen lymph nodes, caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)