Operating Systems in Computers

OPERATING SYSTEMS IN COMPUTERS 1. Explain the meaning of information systems and applications Operating systems and applications are important software on computers that help us work. Although both are software, they have different meanings. So let's discuss the differences between operating systems and applications. Software is formatted data such as programs, documents, and various information that can be read and written by a computer. There are many types of software, and operating systems and applications are one of them. Many people are still confused about the difference between operating systems and applications. Actually, if we study the following points, we can easily find the differences: • The operating system is the core software that must be on a computer and is the container for applications. And applications are software that helps or supports users to promote their work. • The operating system focuses on all tasks, such as hardware management, running applications, protecting the computer, and so on. This application focuses on tasks consistent with the field. • All computers can be installed with any operating system. Applications can only be installed if the operating system specifications and requirements match. • The operating system is software that functions as the life of the computer itself. Without an operating system on a computer, we would not be able to run programs, hardware, etc. The operating system also acts as a controller, always paying attention to the programs running on the computer. In addition, the operating system has a system schedule, including all memory calculations, data processing, etc. 2. Explain the meaning of BIOS and Drivers in an operating system Every computer used requires an operating system to be able to operate all the software on it. This operating system is like a brain in humans, without a brain we cannot do anything. The operating system itself is a system that consists of various work components and work methods that are used to command and run the device it owns, so that it is in accordance with what is desired. One example of an operating system is OS, Linux, IOS. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a basic system on a computer that functions as a regulator of the data input and output process on a computer, this program has a role as a regulator of the functions of computer hardware so you could say the BIOS program is a basic program that exists on the computer system. Meanwhile, a driver is software that can connect hardware to a computer. Drivers are used by the operating system to communicate with the driver's hardware. The driver acts as a translator between the operating system and the hardware used on the computer. So based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that these two things, namely the BIOS and Drivers, have an important role in supporting the performance of the operating system. BIOS has a role in managing data input and output in the operating system, while drivers play a role as a translator or liaison between computer hardware and the operating system. 3. BIOS function in the operating system BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a basic system on a computer that functions as a regulator of the data input and output process on a computer, this program has a role as a regulator of the functions of computer hardware so you could say the BIOS program is a basic program that exists on the computer system. Meanwhile, a driver is software that can connect hardware to a computer. The computer will not turn on if it does not have or is not equipped with a BIOS system. BIOS itself has several functions, namely • Initialization (turning on) and testing of hardware • Load and run the operating system • Set some basic configurations on the computer • Assist the operating system and applications in the hardware setup process using BIOS Runtime Services. • The BIOS provides a low-level communications interface, and can control many types of hardware BIOS was first introduced by Gary Kildall and first appeared in the CP/M operating system in 1975, describing the machine- specific part of CP/M loaded during boot time that interacts directly with the hardware. CP/M machines usually only have a simple boot loader in their ROM. As time goes by, the BIOS always experiences developments aimed at improving the performance of the BIOS itself. Currently, there are many companies providing BIOS, including the following: Award Software, which launched Award BIOS, Award Modular BIOS, and Award Medallion BIOSPhoenix Technologies, which launched Phoenix BIOS, and after a merger with Award Software, launched Phoenix-Award BIOS. American Megatrends Incorporated (AMI) which released AMI BIOS, and AMI WinBIOS.Microids Research OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer), such as Hewlett-Packard/Compaq, IBM/Lenovo, Dell Computer, and other OEMs. So based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the difference between the early and current generations of BIOS lies in the performance of the BIOS itself. Faster performance and easier to use than earlier generation BIOS. 4. Explain three methods in operating system program parameters Every computer used requires an operating system to be able to operate all the software on it. This operating system is like a brain in humans, without a brain we cannot do anything. The operating system itself is a system consisting of various work components and work methods that are used to command and run the devices it owns, so that they are in accordance with what is desired. One example of an operating system is OS, Linux, IOS. A system call is a procedure for calling an application program to obtain services provided by the operating system. System calls are operating system routines for specific purposes. System Calls for process management are needed to manage running processes. System calls are usually available in the form of assembly language instructions. However, currently, many programming languages are used to replace assembly language with programming languages so that system calls can be made directly in high-level languages, such as C and C++. In general, there are 3 known methods used to pass parameters between a running program and the operating system, namely: • Passing parameters through Registers • Store parameters in a table stored in memory and the table address is passed as a parameter in the register • Push (Save) parameters to the stack by the program and pop (Retrieve) the contents of the stack by the Operating System. The functions of System Calls are: • Avoids programming complexity by providing an easy and safe set of instructions. • As process control • Can manipulate files 5. Understanding drivers in computer operating systems Drivers are software needed to connect additional hardware to a computer. Examples of hardware that require drivers are mice and printers. Without appropriate drivers, hardware can fail to operate or cannot even be read by the computer. So, when installing a LAN driver, it means we are inserting a LAN usage manual into the computer. So that the computer can run the attached LAN. Likewise, if you install a VGA driver, it means you are inserting a VGA user manual into your computer. The driver itself has functions such as connecting hardware with the computer and introducing the hardware installed on the computer so that the computer can run the newly installed hardware. If a piece of hardware uses an inappropriate driver, there are impacts that occur, namely: • If the driver is compatible with the device, but the version is not, then the device will experience problems in operating. • If the driver and device types are different, the computer will not be able to read the device.