Lecture 1: Introduction to Anatomy

Lecture 1: Introduction to Anatomy Definition • Anatomy: Study of structure of human/animal body parts. • Human Anatomy: Focuses on organs, systems, and their relations in the human body. History of Anatomy • Greek origin: Ana = up, tomy = cutting. • Hippocrates: Father of Medicine, early writings on anatomy. • Aristotle: Used the term Anatome (first time). • Galen: Roman era, based on animal dissection; errors lasted for 1300 years. • Vesalius: Father of Modern Anatomy, used human dissection (book: De Humani Corporis Fabrica). Branches of Anatomy Branch Description Gross Anatomy Seen with naked eye Histology Microscopic study Embryology Study of body development before birth Regional Anatomy Study by regions (head, neck, limbs, etc.) Systematic Anatomy Study by body systems (cardio, digestive etc.) Functional Anatomy Relates structure with function Surface Anatomy Links internal organs to surface (e.g., heart, stomach, lungs) Comparative Anatomy Compares human structure with animals Radiographic Anatomy Study using X-ray, MRI, CT Surgical Anatomy Practical for surgeons Applied Anatomy Used in diagnosis and treatment 1. Anatomical Position and Body Planes Anatomical Position • Standard reference posture used to describe body parts. • The person stands upright, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, feet flat and pointing forward. • Important for consistent and clear anatomical descriptions. Body Planes • Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right parts. o Median (Midsagittal) Plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves. • Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts. • Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts. Mnemonics • Sagittal = Salute (splits body like a salute) • Coronal = Crown (splits front and back like a crown across the head) • Transverse = Table (horizontal like a tabletop) 2. Anatomical Terms and Movements Directional Terms • Superior/Inferior: Higher or lower position (e.g., the head is superior to the feet) • Anterior/Posterior: Front or back (e.g., the ribs are anterior to the spine) • Medial/Lateral: Toward or away from the midline (e.g., the pinky is medial to the thumb) • Proximal/Distal: Nearer or farther from the trunk (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist) Movements • Flexion: Bending a joint, decreasing the angle (e.g., bending the elbow) • Extension: Straightening a joint, increasing the angle • Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline • Adduction: Moving a limb toward the midline • Rotation: • o Medial Rotation: Rotating toward the midline o Lateral Rotation: Rotating away from the midline Special Movements: o Pronation/Supination: Palm down/palm up o Inversion/Eversion: Sole of foot tilts inward/outward Mnemonics • Flexion = Fold (like folding a limb) • Abduction = Away (limb moves away from body) 3. Classification of Joints Structural Types • Fibrous Joints: Little or no movement o • • Sutures (skull), Gomphoses (teeth), Syndesmoses (between tibia and fibula) Cartilaginous Joints: o Primary (Synchondrosis): Hyaline cartilage, temporary (e.g., growth plates) o Secondary (Symphysis): Fibrocartilage, slight movement (e.g., pubic symphysis) Synovial Joints: Freely movable joints with synovial fluid (e.g., knee, shoulder) Functional Types • Synarthrosis: Immovable (e.g., skull sutures) • Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral discs) • Diarthrosis: Freely movable (e.g., hip joint) Mnemonics • Fibrous = Fixed • Cartilaginous = Cushioned 4. Synovial Joints Features • Articular Cartilage: Smooth covering on bone ends • Synovial Fluid: Lubricates and nourishes cartilage • Joint Capsule and Ligaments: Enclose and stabilize the joint • Bursae: Small sacs filled with fluid that reduce friction Types of Synovial Joints • Hinge Joint: Movement in one direction (e.g., elbow, knee) • Pivot Joint: Rotational movement (e.g., atlas-axis in neck) • Ball-and-Socket Joint: Multidirectional movement (e.g., shoulder, hip) • Saddle Joint: Movement in two directions (e.g., thumb) • Condylar (Ellipsoid) Joint: Oval surface allows movement (e.g., wrist) • Plane Joint: Gliding motion (e.g., joints between carpal bones) Lecture 3: Musculoskeletal System Introduction • Also called locomotor system. • Provides support, shape, and movement. • Composed of: bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints. Bones • Living connective tissue made of osteocytes and calcified matrix. • Strong like iron, light like wood. Functions of Bones • Support body • Protect organs • Enable movement • Store minerals: calcium (97%), phosphate (86%), magnesium (54%) • Produce blood cells in bone marrow Components Cellular Function Osteoblasts Form new bone Osteocytes Maintain bone Osteoclasts Break/remodel bone Types of Bone Tissue 1. Compact Bone o Dense, strong o Contains osteons (Haversian system) o Contains Haversian canals and Volkmann's canals for vessels 2. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone o Mesh-like structure o Contains red marrow o Light but strong Bone Development (Osteogenesis) 1. Intramembranous Ossification o Direct bone formation from mesenchyme o Forms skull bones, face, clavicle o Enzyme: alkaline phosphatase 2. Endochondral Ossification o Starts from cartilage model o Has primary & secondary ossification centers o Bone replaces cartilage (not converts) Lecture 6: Cartilage Introduction • Flexible, non-vascular connective tissue. • Cells: chondrocytes, Matrix: chondroitin sulfate • Covered by perichondrium (except at joints) • Heals slowly due to lack of blood supply Structure • Matrix is firm gel with collagen, proteoglycans • Cells lie in lacunae • Perichondrium has: o Outer fibrous layer: protection, support o Inner cellular layer: growth, repair Types of Cartilage Type Features & Location Hyaline Most common, smooth & glassy, found in joints, nose, trachea, bronchi, ribs Plays role in long bone growth, can’t repair itself Fibrocartilage Toughest, dense collagen, found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci No perichondrium, slow repair Elastic Flexible, yellow, elastic fibers, found in ear, auditory tube, epiglottis Surrounded by perichondrium, repairs with fibrous tissue