University:
California State University, Northridge
Course:
BIOL 101 | General Biology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

242

Pages:

4
Author:

Skye S.

MODULE 1 : Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Powerpoints Prokaryotes, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria, lack a distinct nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotes, including higher animals, plants, and fungi, have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have various cellular functions, including movement, respiration, reproduction, and communication, which are specialized through differentiation or maturation. Eukaryotic cells consist of a nucleus, cytoplasm filled with organelles, and a plasma membrane that controls the composition of the cell and performs various functions Bullet points Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes: • No distinct nucleus (single, circular chromosome) • Lack histones and organelles • Includes cyanobacteria, bacteria, chlamydia, and rickettsia • Eukaryotes: • Complex cellular organization • Membrane-bound organelles • Well-defined nucleus with several chromosomes • Includes higher animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, and algae Eukaryotic Cell: Nucleus • Consists of the plasma membrane, nucleoplasm, and intracellular organelles • Contains nuclear pores, nucleolus, and chromosomes • The largest membrane-bound organelle • Involved in cell division and genetic information storage Eukaryotic Cell: Cytoplasm • Fills the space between the nucleus and plasma membrane • Contains cytoplasmic organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria • Plays a role in cellular functions such as absorption, secretion, respiration, and reproduction Eukaryotic Organelles • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion and cellular selfdestruction • Endoplasmic reticulum: Involved in protein and lipid synthesis, folding, and transport • Peroxisomes: Break down substances into harmless products • Golgi complex: Involved in processing and packaging of proteins • Mitochondria: Responsible for cellular energy metabolism and ATP generation Cytoskeleton • Forms shape and structure of the cell • Involved in osmotic regulation, pH control, cell signaling, and cell extensions