University:
California State University, Northridge
Course:
BIOL 101 | General Biology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

380

Pages:

3
Author:

S. Hoovart

ATP (Adenoseine triphosphate)Adenine + Ribuse + 3 Phosphate Groupstypes of work a cell doesNH21) chemicalio-Ni-IN>2) transportky O OF OF""3) mechanicalOH OHenergy coupling the way cells manage their energy resourcesusea in exergonic process to drive endergonic processes-hydrolysis a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water ruptures one or morechemical bondsL> breaks bonas between the phosphate groups of ATPan exergonic spontaneous reaction- AG = 30.5KS/molATP + H2O ADP + HOPO3inorganic phosphate-heat released can be harnessed to do cellular work through energy couplingL> transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another moleculephosphorylated intermediate = highly reactivecan be regenerated by exergonic reactions -nonspontoneous process if it leads to a decrease in entropy and require energymore order =entropy =Kinetic E = requires energyFree Energy (AG)the portion of a system's energy that can perform work wl temperature and pressure areuniform throughout the systemAG = OH - TASAG = free energy4H= enthalpy / total energyT= temperature (K)AS = entrophy- AG>C # not spontaneous--energy is added -> example photosynthesisOG>Otime- AG <0 5 spontoneous-energy is releasedexample respirationDakofrettime-total energy of the system will decreaseORentropy increases- will decrease system's free energy- final state energy < Initial state energyto be more stableequilibrium a state of maximum stabilityL> a spontaneous process can perform work ONLY when it is moving towards equilibriumChemical Reactionsexergonic = release energy . -AG = spontaneousL> the greater the decrease in energy = greater the amount of work can be doneendergonic . requires / absorbs energy = +AG - not spontaneousreversible in metabolism = react to equilibriumAG=O LECTURE 2 Metabolism (Ch.8)08/30Metabolismthe sum of an organism's chemical reaction-specific molecule altered by defined steps - pathway catalyzed by specific enzymescertain product-manages the material and the recources of the cella) Catabolic pathways = release energy by breaking down complex molecules intosimpler compounds>example respiration C6H12O6 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energyb) Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules out of simplermoleculesthe energy released can be Stored and then used to driveanabolic pathwaysL> example : photosynthesis 6CO2 t 6H2O + EnergyCoH12O6 + 602Energythe capacity to cause change- can be used to do work- kinetic energy energy of motionpotential energy stored energy due to structure or locationother types of energy thermal, chemical,light, mechanical, grantational, electrical,Sound, nuclear (8)Laws of Thermodynamicsthe study of energy transformations- 10 law of thermodynamics : energy can be transferred and transformed but nevercreated or destroyed- 2° law of thermodynamics every energy transfer and transformed increases theentropy of the universespontaneous process if it leads to entropy WIO requiring on imput of energyless order = T entropy = T kinetic E = release energy