Teleosts

Division Teleostei (
perfect bone) TELEOSTS… part 1 •
26,840 species (96% of all fishes) •
40 orders •
448 families No limits for Teleosts! Limited habitat, Limited ecology NO LIMITS Division Teleostei (perfect bone) Division Teleostei (perfect bone) •
>95% living species = 400+ families •
arose 200 mya •
common genera of today existed 40-70 MYA •
evolved from several lines •
4 subdivisions Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha (bony tongues) Subdivision Elopomorpha (tarpons and true eels) Subdivision Ostarioclupeomorpha (herrings, minnows, catfish) Subdivision Euteleostei (the main event) 1 Evolution of paired fin location in teleosts Major trends in Teleosts: •
reduction in bony elements primitive -
fewer vertebrae -
fewer bones in skull -
fin ray reduction in C, P1, P2 advanced •
dorsal fin function and position changes •
pectorals and pelvics change body position intermediate •
caudal fin modifications •
swimbladder modifications •
improvements in feeding apparatus Dorsal fin shape & function basic Caudal fin reinforced by hypurals, uroneurals, and epurals diversified spinous specialized Evolution of protrusible jaw: primitive Actinopterygian Neopterygian (Amiidae) Teleost (Cichlidae) 2 Protrusible mouths Pharyngeal Teeth
Pharyngeal Teeth Characters of Teleosts End results of Teleost trends: •
fast and highly maneuverable •
operculum has 4 bones •
homocercal tail, partly supported by uroneurals •
cycloid / ctenoid scales •
reduced armor but quick and spiny •
vertebrae are ossified, but lightweight •
efficient prey capture mechanisms •
swimbladder is a buoyancy organ •
efficient and diverse prey processing •
maxilla and premaxilla are moveable, premaxilla is principal bone of upper jaw •
fins are highly maneuverable with rays and spines •
body shape is highly variable Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha (2 orders) Order Osteoglossiformes (bonytongues) Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Osteoglossidae (bonytongues) (4 families, 218 spp.) •
most teeth are on tongue or roof of mouth •
premaxilla small & fixed to skull (no supramaxilla) •
huge scales in some arapaima Pantodon arowana •
fresh water, usually tropical •
some are electric, production and receptive Examples: arowana, arapaima, mormyrid elephant fish 3 Arowana mouthbrooding Arapaima gigas •
one of largest freshwater fishes: 15 feet •
obligate air breather Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Notopteridae (African knifefishes) Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Mormyridae (elephant fishes) - electric production and reception Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Gymnarchidae (aba) 4 Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha Order Hiodontiformes (mooneyes) Subdivision Elopomorpha (1 families, 2 spp.) •
small •
freshwater •
eastern US •
Order Elopiformes (tarpon) •
Order Albuliformes (bonefish) •
Order Anguilliformes (true eels: e.g., moray, snake-eels, conger) •
Order Saccopharyngiformes (deep-sea gulper eels) Characters: •
leptocephalus larvae: very thin, leaflike •
snake-like bodies (often) Leptocephalus larvae Order: Elopiformes Elops: ladyfish or tenpounder (2 families, 8 spp.) Family: Elopidae (tarpon) Order: Albuliformes (3 families, 30 spp.) Family: Albulidae (bonefish) 5 Order Albuliformes - halosaurs Order: Anguilliformes (eels) (14 families, 791 spp.) -- in all major habitats characters: •
no pelvic fins •
no scales (usually) •
opercular series reduced •
premaxilla fused to vomer & ethmoid •
gill opening narrow •
no gill rakers American eel progression from leptocephalus larva to adult eel body plan Order: Anguilliformes Family: Muraenidae (moray eels) goldspot moray Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae 6 Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae snipe eels (Nemichthyidae) garden eels Order: Saccopharyngiformes (gulper eel) (4 families, 26 spp.) Subdivision: Ostarioclupeomorpha Superorder: Clupeomorpha Order: Clupeiformes Superorder: Ostariophysi Order: Gonorynchiformes Order: Cypriniformes Order: Characiformes Order: Siluriformes Order: Gymnotiformes Characters: -- connection of swimbladder to inner ear Order: Clupeiformes (5 families, 364 spp.) Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae (herrings) American shad •
open water, silvery, compressed bodies herring •
planktivorous: flexible mouth and fine gill rakers •
swimbladder touches the inner ear: otophysic connection for increased sensitivity to low frequency sounds •
major commercial importance Examples: herring, shad, anchovy 7 sardines wolf herring (Chirocentridae): carnivorous & up to 1 m long Order: Clupeiformes Family: Engraulidae (anchovies) Superorder Ostariophysi: Order Gonorhynchiformes (milkfishes) Order Cypriniformes (carps) Order Characiformes (tetras & others) Order Siluriformes (catfishes) Order Gymnotiformes (S. American knifefishes) •
64% of all fresh water fishes! •
widespread, but absent from Australia and Antarctica •
great diversity of form: large predators to small herbivores Superorder Ostariophysi Characteristics Weberian apparatus – improves hearing skull •
Weberian Apparatus - first 4 vertebrae fused -- connects inner ear to gas bladder (low frequency hearing) •
fright substance - "Shreckstoff
•
trend toward reduction of jaw teeth - even absence •
well developed lower pharyngeal bones •
pelvic fins abdominal, adipose fins in some, pungent spines often present 8 Order: Gonorhynchiformes (milkfishes) Order: Cypriniformes (carps) (6 families, 3270 spp.!) (4 families, 37 spp.) •
small mouth •
toothless common carp Chanos chanos Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae (minnows, carp, barbs) world
s smallest fish: Paedocypris progenetica goldfish Order: Cypriniformes Family: Catostomidae (suckers) •
fleshy lips bluenose shiner sicklefin redhorse giant barb bluehead chub Order: Cypriniformes Order: Characiformes (tetras & others) (18 families, 1675 spp.) loaches (Cobitidae) 9 Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) tetras black pacu Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) Order: Siluriformes (catfishes) (34 families, 2870 spp.) characters: •
barbels (
wiskers) •
adipose fin •
scaleless or armored piranha electric Order: Siluriformes Family: Ictaluridae channel catfish venomous blue catfish armored http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biLQcviQGk 10 Order: Siluriformes Family: Pimelodidae Mekong giant catfish captured in the Mekong river in 2005: 9 ft long, 645 lb. wels catfish goonch Candiru – your worst nightmare http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=QQWgUht-ObI Order: Gymnotiformes (S. American knifefishes) (5 families, 62 spp.) Family: Gymnotidae -- produce and receive electrical impulses 500 volts! 11 Subdivision Euteleostei (>300 families & >17,000 spp!) 9 Superorders: Protacanthopterygii (pikes, salmonids, smelts, argentines) Stenopterygii (marine hatchetfishes, bristlemouths) Ateleopodomorpha (jellynose fishes) Cyclosquamata (pearleyes, lizardfishes) Scopelomorpha (lanternfishes) Lampridiomorpha (oarfish, opah) Polymixiomorpha (beardfishes) Paracanthopterygii (cusk-eels, cods, frogfishes) Acanthopterygii (mullet, silversides, whalefishes, squirrelfishes, John dories, sticklebacks, swamp eels, scorpionfishes, flatfishes, pufferfishes, and all perchlike fishes) Order: Argentiformes (argentines or herring smelts) (6 families, 202 spp.) Subdivision Euteleostei Superorder Protacanthopterygii Order Argentiformes (argentines) Order Osmeriformes (smelts) Order Salmoniformes (salmon & trouts) Order Esociformes (pike) Characters: •
no fin spines •
most have adipose fin •
hypural plates consolidated to the urostyle (strong swimmers) •
slender predatory fish with many specializations •
cycloid scales •
physostomous connection (passageway) between swimbladder and pharynx •
pectoral and pelvic fins usually in ancestral position Order: Osmeriformes (smelts) barreleye (3 families, 88 spp.) •
all deep sea •
crumenal organ (branchial) common smelt Family: Microstomatidae (pencilsmelts) -- includes former Bathylagidae (deepsea smelts) Order: Salmoniformes (salmonids: salmons, trouts, charrs, graylings, charrs) rainbow trout chinook salmon (1 Family, 66 spp.) Family: Salmonidae Atlantic salmon 12 Order: Salmoniformes ) kg Arctic grayling s lu al m hy T Order: Esociformes (pikes & pickerels) (2 families, 10 spp.) Family: Esocidae H u 70 o to s lm , ( nu o i Sa ch el Sa O lv nc or h c yn hu s From here on the Neoteleosts based on 4 skull and jaw characteristics •
trend toward P2 more anterior and P1 more lateral Superorders: Stenopterygii Cyclosquamata Scopelomorpha northern pike redfin pickerel Acanthomorpha (true spines) Lampridiomorpha Polymixiomorpha specialized deep-sea and pelagic forms Paracanthopterygii Acanthopterygii Superorder Stenopterygii Order Stomiiformes (5 families, 391 spp.) (bristlemouths, marine hatchetfish, lightfish, viperfish) •
deepsea, worldwide •
photophores – light emitting organs •
big gape •
one genus, Cyclothone, considered to be most abundant fish in world Cyclothone Order Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) (1 family, 12 spp.) •
skeleton largely cartilaginous, deep water, on the bottom •
bulbous-headed fish 13 hatchetfish viperfish Order: Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) (1 family, 12 spp.) Superorder Cyclosquamata (cycloid scaled) Order Aulopiformes (7 families, 236 spp.) •
mostly deep-sea •
major exception: lizardfishes (common on coral reefs) longnose lancetfish Order: Aulopiformes Family: Synodontidae (lizardfish) Order Aulopiformes tripod fish 14 Order Aulopiformes, telescopefish Superorder: Scopelomorpha Order: Myctophiformes (lanternfishes) (2 families, 246 spp.) •
large fraction of the
deep-scattering layer Family: Myctophidae (lanternfishes) Next lecture: Acanthomorpha, the spiny teleosts 15