Measurement Of Sport Motivation And Promoting Intrinsic Motivation In Sports

MEASUREMENT OF SPORT MOTIVATION AND PROMOTING INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN SPORTS Part 1: Measurement of Sport Motivation 1.1 Introduction to Sport Motivation Measurement  The "Sport Motivation Scale" (SMS) and its revised version (SMS II) are rooted in Organismic Integration Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985).  They assess various types of motivation: intrinsic, integrated, identified, introjected, external, and amotivated regulation.  SMS demonstrates high internal consistency and construct validity in numerous studies (Clancy et al., 2017). 1.2 Types of Sport Motivation  The SMS measures motivation in the context of sports, reflecting different types of motivation.  Examples include intrinsic regulation (e.g., pleasure in learning about the sport), integrated regulation (e.g., sport as an integral part of life), identified regulation (e.g., sport as self-development), introjected regulation (e.g., feeling better when participating), external regulation (e.g., reward from others), and amotivated regulation (lack of clarity or interest). 1.3 Antecedents and Outcomes  Different types of sport motivation have various consequences:  Persistence in sport training  Practice frequency  Self-esteem  Positive emotions  Vitality  Achievement goal orientations Part 2: Promoting Intrinsic Motivation in Sport 2.1 Strategies for Promoting Intrinsic Motivation 1. Provide successful and flow-conducive experiences:  Balancing personal athletic abilities with task difficulty.  Enhancing feelings of competence and fostering flow experiences. 2. Give feedback contingent on performance:  Feedback should focus on controllable aspects of performance.  Informational feedback that enhances competence without control. 3. Use verbal and nonverbal praise:  Praise as a motivator, especially for individuals lacking recognition.  Informational praise to enhance feelings of competence without control. 4. Vary content and sequence of practice drills:  Combat boredom and monotony by offering variety.  Prevent dropout from sports programs due to monotony. 5. Involve participants in decision-making:  Encourage athletes to participate in training and game strategy decisions.  Increases the experience of autonomy, a basic psychological need. 6. Set realistic performance goals:  Help individuals set achievable goals matching their skills.  Facilitates success, autonomy, and intrinsic motivation. 2.2 Promoting Basic Need Satisfaction  Satisfaction of basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, social relatedness) fosters autonomous behavioral regulation, including intrinsic motivation.  Examples of promoting need satisfaction include understanding participants' perspectives, providing autonomy-supportive coaching, and creating an atmosphere of belonging. 2.3 Empowering Coaching™  Based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), Empowering Coaching™ helps coaches create need-supportive environments.  Emphasizes autonomy support, social support, and task involvement.  Assessment tools to evaluate the motivational climate and impact of Empowering Coaching™ are available.