Memory Systems and Aligned Instruction in Learning Study Guide

Test 1 1. Jenna Marshall’s expects her students to be able write persuasive essays and to use correct punctuation and grammar in their writing. To meet these objectives, she gives the students a list of sentences that use incorrect grammar and punctuation and has them rewrite the sentences using correct grammar and punctuation. The next day she gives them a test in which they have to write a persuasive essay using correct grammar and punctuation. Which statement best describes this situation? a. Jenna’s instruction is not aligned because she had the students write isolated sentences during her learning activity but did not cover persuasive essays. 2. Learning activities that focus on specific objectives, and assessments that measure the extent to which the objectives have been met is best described as: a. aligned instruction 3. An information store that holds an exact copy of stimuli for a very brief period of time is called: a. Sensory memory 4. When we initially register sound or visual experiences, these experiences are best described as examples of _______ . a. sensory memory 5. What is the memory system that we use to consciously hold and process information? a. working memory 6. The conscious part of our memory system is: a. working memory 7. What memory system typically retains information for approximately 10-20 seconds? a. working memory 8. Kate gives Fraser a phone number to call as he searches for his cell phone. He repeats the number a few times, then dials the number when he finds his phone. The process of repeating the number a few times, dialing it, but then forgetting it best illustrates: a. retaining the information in working memory through maintenance rehearsal. 9. According to the model of human cognition, why should we expect students to have difficulty solving complex problems mentally? a. The cognitive load imposed by complex problems is high because students’ working memories can hold only a few pieces of information at a time. 10.I once swam in lake that fills the caldera of a volcano. The water, which was crystal clear and warm, felt pleasant. These are best described as examples of _______ . a. episodic memory 11.Tying your shoes or making lasagne are best described as examples of _______ . a. procedural memory 12.What memory system has a seemingly limitless capacity and duration? a. long-term memory 13.______ refers to whether information is present in memory. a. Availability 14.What type of memory is used to state and use facts and concepts? a. declarative memory 15.______ refers to the extent to which information is retrievable from longterm memory. a. Accessibility 16.Maria knows what a Smart phone is, and she knows how to type a text message using a Smart phone. These are best described as examples of _______ and _______ . a. declarative memory vs. procedural memory 17.What type of memory consists of general knowledge of the world? a. semantic memory 18.What type of memory consists of personal experiences or events? a. episodic memory 19.What memory system is primarily used to retain information for days, weeks, and even years? a. long-term memory 20.Knowing that she probably won’t remember to pick up all the items she needs when she goes to the store, Nancy keeps a list on her kitchen counter and adds items to the list during the week. She then takes the list with her when she goes shopping on the weekend. Of the following, Nancy’s behavior best illustrates: a. Metacognition 21.Our ability to focus on specific stimuli, ideas, or events for further processing is called: a. attention 22.The process of activating information that is already retained in long-term memory is called: a. Retrieval 23.Facebook uses an algorithm that records a person’s online activity and customize messages to appear on that person’s news feed. This algorithm has made the company billions of dollars because it capitalizes on the role of _______ in peoples' online activity. a. selective attention 24.Understanding how the mind works and using that knowledge to regulate our thinking is best called: a. metacognition 25.In the shadowing demonstration we did in class, one student read aloud while a second student repeated what the first student read as Dr. McCrudden did various actions (e.g., toss marker). What was the main point of this demonstration? a. Attention can be captured automatically, even if a person is trying to focus on something else. 26.Mr. Lehman wants his students to understand percentages and the conversion of decimals to percentages. According to the model of human cognition, the first thing he needs to do in his lesson is be certain that: a. he has the students' attention. 27.The processes we use to transform information into a memory representation is called: a. Encoding 28.The process of repeating an item of information to yourself several times without altering its form is called: a. maintenance rehearsal 29.Jay is at a party. He is chatting with Lacy, and focuses on what she is saying, among a mixture of conversations and background noises. Suddenly, he hears his name from across the room, and momentarily misses what Lacy says. Use the model of human cognition to explain how Jay is able to focus on his conversation with Lacy despite an array of background noises, but then focuses elsewhere when he hears his name. Use key terms in your explanation. a. Jay's attention was moderately activated while in conversation with Lacey and when he heard his name it triggered his sensory memory to be fully active in respect towards his name. When a person hears their name they have a greater response because the content of what is being said relates to that person and triggers their sensory memory to be no longer active on what the task was before rather on what is being associated with their name. i. Missing term and explanation for : selective attention Missing term: automatic attention 30.As 5th-grade students transition from math to writing activities, their teacher says, “Please stop working on your math problems and take out your writing journals. I want you to write today’s date and what you did over the weekend. Also, be sure to use proper spelling and punctuation. When you are done, please exchange your journals with a classmate and review his or her work. And remember to give each other feedback about spelling, grammar, and punctuation.” Many of the students stop working on their math problems, but then become confused. Use the model of human cognition to explain why the students are confused. Use key terms and evidence from the scenario in your explanation. a. The students were confused because they were moderately activated and with that when the teacher asked them to switch and fully activate to writing, which is completely different, their lack of capacity caused them to be held back. Younger students cannot activate and deactivate their memory as fast as older students can and with that they can get confused very easily. 31.Two students study for a test for five hours. However, Alison studies for five hours the night before the test, whereas Betty studies for one hour a day over five days before the test. A week after the test, the teacher has a surprise quiz over the same content as the test. Use the model of human cognition to predict whether they’ll have the same performance on the quiz or whether one student will do better. Use key terms to explain your prediction. a. Looking into their studying habits, it can be seen that Betty will do better on the test than Alison will. Betty used distributed practice to study for the exam which proves to have better results. On the other hand, Alison is using cramming which helps in the short term but since the test is the next day Betty will have better results. i. Lack of explanation for distributed practice and mass practice. 32.Vicky is studying about the heart for a physiology exam. Her textbook says that the arteries are thick, are elastic, and carry blood that is rich in oxygen from the heart. She thinks to herself, “Blood is pumped in spurts. It makes sense that arteries are elastic because they need to expand and contract to adjust to the pumping of blood.” Use the model of human cognition to explain why this should help her remember the information better compared to just repeating the information multiple times. Use key terms in your explanation. a. Vicky used elaborative processing to associate the parts of the heart to what their function is. By associating each part to the task she can put together what she already knew with what she does know to help her remember. 33.Wendy has a test on Friday for her political science course. Every day during the week of the test, starting on Monday, she reads her class notes. Based on the information given, is Wendy using retrieval practice, yes or no? Explain your answer. a. Wendy is not using retrieval practice. Due to the fact that she is studying every day, she is distributing that information over a large amount of time. She takes her study sessions in groups and goes over certain information in a certain time. Again, she is using distributive practice, not retrieval practice. 34.Cath is a biology teacher in Miami, Florida. She is teaching students about human anatomy. The textbook provides a metaphor in which the wooden framework of a house is compared to the body system. She comments to herself, “My students have never seen a house with a wooden frame; everything here is built with cinderblocks because of hurricanes. I had better come up with a better example that they can relate to.” Which type of professional knowledge is best illustrated by the teacher's comment? Explain your answer. a. Cath is using novelty to relate to her students. As she knows that they have never seen a wooden framework, she could use the idea of a brick house "skeleton". Besides the idea, she understands her students lack of knowledge on the subject and decides to figure out something that is novel to them. i. knowledge of learners and/or pedagogical knowledge of content Test 2 1. An information store that holds an exact copy of stimuli for a very brief period of time is called: a. sensory memory 2. Mr. Smith and Ms. Jones coach different soccer teams. Mr. Smith yells at his players when they make mistakes, whereas Ms. Jones praises her players for what they have done correctly and provides corrective feedback for their mistakes. At the end of the year, Mr. Smith’s players have negative feelings towards soccer, whereas Ms. Jones’ players have positive feelings towards soccer. Use classical conditioning to explain why the players on Mr. Smith and Ms. Jones’ teams feel differently towards soccer. Use key terms in your explanation. Provide your explanation for each coach under the respective names below. a. Mr. Smith's players have been yelled at which makes his yelling his the controlled stimulus. This causes a conditioned response of a negative feeling towards soccer from the players due to his negativity. b. Ms. Jones' players have been praised for trying which makes her praise the controlled stimulus. This causes the conditioned response of a positive feeling towards soccer from the players due to her positivity. i. Mr. Smith: 1. Neutral Stimulus = soccer (-.2) Uncontrolled Stimulus = yelling (-.2) Uncontrolled Response = negative feelings (-.2) Controlled Stimulus = soccer (-.2) ii. Ms. Jones: 1. Neutral Stimulus = soccer (-.2) Uncontrolled Stimulus = praise (-.2) Uncontrolled Response = positive feelings (-.2) Controlled Stimulus = soccer (-.2) 3. Of the following, which is the best definition of creativity? a. The ability to produce original works or solutions to problems that are productive 4. Jorge has found that the knowledge he has of the structure of Spanish, his native language, has helped him learn English structure and syntax. Of the following, Jorge’s experience best illustrates: a. specific transfer 5. Of the following, which is the best description of critical thinking? a. The ability and inclination to make and assess conclusions based on evidence 6. At the beginning of the year, Mr. Hurley notices that his students read “easy” books. He decides to publicly praise Dan in front of the whole class when he reads a challenging book. He notices that Dan reads challenging books more often, and further, that many of his other students begin reading challenging books. a. Use operant conditioning to explain why Dan reads challenging books more often. Use key terms in your explanation. b. Use social cognitive theory to explain why Dan’s classmates begin reading challenging books. Use key terms in your explanation. i. Mr. Hurley used positive reinforcement to praise Dan on his level of reading. Once the other students saw this praise it added to his want to read more challenging books. Not only was he being praised by his teacher but he also set the standard for his class. ii. The other students saw Dan get praised which had an effect on the class. By seeing Dan get the praise it caused them to want that praise as well so they began to read more challenging books too. 1. key term (vicarious reinforcement) 7. Many educators who intend to help students tell them that underlining or highlighting is an effective learning strategy when in fact it has limited value as a learning strategy when used in isolation. What term best describes this example? a. Knowledge-based inference 8. According to the model of human cognition, why should we expect students to have difficulty solving complex problems mentally? a. The cognitive load imposed by complex problems is high because students’ working memories can hold only a few pieces of information at a time. 9. The first step in problem solving is to: a. Identify the problem 10.Jesse is teaching his students how to solve Sudoku problems. He tells them how to solve them and then provides several examples that are completed. The strategy Jesse is using best illustrates: a. Providing worked examples 11.As you follow the steps involved in solving problems, after you have implemented a strategy, the next step is to: a. evaluate the results 12.What type of memory is used for performing actions or skills? a. declarative memory 13.The processes we use to transform information into a memory representation is called: a. encoding 14.Understanding how the mind works and using that knowledge to regulate our thinking is best called: a. metacognition 15.Susan takes away her son’s TV time because he uses foul language. Later, he uses foul language less frequently. In this situation, the son’s actions were _______________. a. Negatively punished 16.Students learn to respond differently to the fire alarm than they do to the bell at the end of class periods. What is this an example of? a. Discrimination 17.Mr. Johnson wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time. To do this, he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute, then for two minutes, then for four minutes, and so on. Mr. Johnson’s strategy best reflects which one of the following concepts? a. Shaping 18.Ms. Kinsella is teaching physics to her Year 9 students. To begin instruction, she gives them a scenario. She says, “Imagine you are watching a plane fly across the sky,” as she points to Figure 1 on the board. She continues, “A bowling ball accidentally falls out of the plane as the plane continues flying. Which path do you think the bowling ball will follow after leaving the plane? Will if follow path A, B, or C?” a. Joe thinks to himself, “If I hold my pencil above the desk, then drop the pencil, it lands on the desk directly below my hand.” He tests this idea and concludes that the ball will follow path B. The teacher then asks how many students choose each path. Several students choose path A, some choose path C, but the majority of students choose path B. The teacher then says, “According to Newton’s first law, an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.” She says, “In fact, the ball will follow path C. Why might this be the case?” Joe and many of his classmates are confused. They discuss the information for a few minutes. All of the sudden, Joe exclaims, “Now I get it! The ball is in motion because it is on the plane, which is in motion. When the ball is dropped from the plane, it is still moving forward. Therefore, it will follow path C.” Use the equilibration process to answer each item below. a. In line 4, Joe concludes that the ball will follow path B after he drops his pencil and it lands directly below his hand. What term best describes the cognitive process that Joe used to arrive at this conclusion? Explain your answer. b. In line 8, Joe and his classmates are confused after the teacher indicates that the ball will follow path C. What term best describes the cognitive state that Joe experiences after the teacher’s explanation? Explain your answer. c. In line 10, Joe explains his thinking. What term best describes the cognitive process that Joe uses to arrive at this conclusion? Explain your answer. d. In line 10, Joe explains his thinking. What term best describes Joe’s cognitive state at this point? Explain your answer. a. Joe used his own experience to justify his reasoning and has self-efficacy. If he drops the pillow then the ball will follow the same path and go straight down due to gravity. b. Joe is confused and lacks self-efficacy. Since he was wrong and does not know why he is very confused. i. a) assimilation -.2 b) disequilibrium -.5 c) accommodation -.5 d) equilibrium -.5 19.You are teaching the concept living thing to your first graders and have presented the students with the following examples: themselves, a cat,a dog, a lizard, a fish, and a bird. Using the guidelines for promoting concept learning as a basis, of the following, the most important example to show them in addition would be: a. a tree 20.The view that people learn concepts by constructing the best representations of a category, such as constructing the best representations of the concept reptile, most closely relates to which of the following? a. Exemplar theories of concept learning 21.Exemplar theories of concept learning are likely to be most effective for explaining how students learn which one of the following concepts? a. Socialist 22.Upon seeing an elderly man with white hair, a beard, and a bit of a belly, a toddler shouts, “Look Mom, SANTA!” She identified the white hair, beard, and belly as: a. characteristics 23.Which of the following statements is consistent with assessment designed to promote learning in a constructivist environment? a. Both formal and informal assessments are valuable in gauging students’ true understanding, and both should be used as part of assessment. 24.Periodically, Judy will give her students problems that are challenging enough so that they struggle. When they do, she models the thinking needed to attack the problems, uses questioning to guide them through solutions to similar problems, and emphasizes that they put their increasing understanding into words in each case. As their understanding increases, she continues to give them increasingly challenging problems. Which of the following is Judy most nearly applying with this approach to problem solving? a. A cognitive apprenticeship 25.Which of the following best describes the difference between cognitive constructivism and social constructivism? a. Cognitive constructivism focuses on individual, internal constructions of understanding, whereas social constructivism emphasizes shared perspectives, which are then internalized by individuals 26.If an instructor is basing his or her instruction on the idea that learners construct their own knowledge, which of the following is most important? a. To provide a variety of examples 27.Of the following, which is the best description of a misconception? a. An idea that makes sense to an individual but is inconsistent with evidence or commonly accepted explanations 28.The construction of misconceptions is related to the principles of cognitive learning theory. Of the following, which principle best explains why people construct misconceptions? a. Learners construct understanding that makes sense to them 29.On a standardized vocabulary test, children were asked, “Which of the following would you expect to take you to the hospital if you were injured?” and they were given, “ambulance,” “car,” “airplane,” and “truck” as choices. Ambulance was the correct answer, but several Eskimo children in a remote village in the Arctic selected airplane as a choice because airplanes were the only form of motorized transportation that came into their village. Of the following, which theory would provide the best explanation for the Eskimo children’s choice? a. Sociocultural learning theory 30.When Penny laughs at a high pitch, Sheldon squirts her with water. Penny no longer laughs at a high pitch around Sheldon. Sheldon exclaims, “I’ve used negative reinforcement to change Penny’s behavior.” Is Sheldon’s statement accurate, yes or no? Explain your answer. Use key terms in your explanation. a. Sheldon is wrong in the sense that he is actually using positive punishment. To change her behavior he added the squirt of water to remove her laugh. Using this model effectively, after squirting her constantly after her laugh he removed the pitch and changed the way she laughs around him. This is an example of positive punishment. 31.Maria and Tolandra are each coloring birds. Their teacher walks by and says to Tolandra, “Oh, your bird is so colorful. I like the reds and yellows.” Maria quickly picks up a red crayon and starts adding more red to her own bird. Which of the following is the best label for Maria’s behavior? a. vicarious reinforcement 32.Which one of the following strategies is most likely to promote selfregulation in students? a. When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks and then to reinforce themselves after they complete each one 33.Which one of the following examples illustrates vicarious reinforcement? a. Maggy notices that her friend Ellen earns good grades when Ellen takes notes in their science class. Maggy begins to take notes in science class 34.Which one of the following statements is the best example of a self-efficacy judgment? a. “I am confident that I can change a flat tire.” 35.Sharon knows that Esther frequently completes her assignments long after they are due. Sharon has noticed that their teacher willingly accepts Esther’s late assignments because Esther always has a creative excuse for turning them in late. Sharon begins to do the same thing—she turns in assignments past the due date and makes up excuses for why she is late. Sharon’s increase in excuse-making most likely is due to: a. Modeling and vicarious learning 36.From the perspective of social cognitive theory, why might inner-city African-American students learn more from an African-American model who grew up in the inner-city than from a model of a different ethnicity or background? (Select the BEST answer.) a. Because the students will view this model’s situation as being similar to their own situation Test 3 1. When we initially register sound or visual experiences, these experiences are best described as examples of _______ . a. sensory memory 2. Kate gives Fraser a phone number to call as he searches for his cell phone. He repeats the number a few times, then dials the number when he finds his phone. The process of repeating the number a few times, dialing it, but then forgetting it best illustrates: a. retaining the information in working memory through maintenance rehearsal 3. What memory system is primarily used to retain information for days, weeks, and even years? a. long-term memory 4. Mr. Lehman wants his students to understand percentages and the conversion of decimals to percentages. According to the model of human cognition, the first thing he needs to do in his lesson is be certain that: a. he has the students' attention 5. The process of connecting to-be-learned information to ideas already known is called: a. elaborative rehearsal 6. Learning activities that focus on specific objectives, and assessments that measure the extent to which the objectives have been met is best described as: a. aligned instruction 7. Antonio’s understanding of the concept canine is represented by his images of a dog, wolf, and coyote, which he has stored in his memory. His understanding of the concept canine is best explained by: a. exemplar theories of concept learning 8. Periodically, Judy will give her students problems that are challenging enough so that they struggle. When they do, she models the thinking needed to attack the problems, uses questioning to guide them through solutions to similar problems, and emphasizes that they put their increasing understanding into words in each case. As their understanding increases, she continues to give them increasingly challenging problems. Which of the following is Judy most nearly applying with this approach to problem solving? a. A cognitive apprenticeship 9. Which one of the following examples illustrates vicarious reinforcement? a. Maggy notices that her friend Ellen earns good grades when Ellen takes notes in their science class. Maggy begins to take notes in science class 10.Ms. Perkins gave her students stickers to encourage them to complete math story problems. Eventually she stopped giving them stickers. However, the students discovered that they liked to solve problems and continued to complete them. Which one of the following is the best explanation for this situation? a. The behavior was initiated by an artificial reinforcer, but maintained by a natural reinforcer 11.One of your students with a growth mindset scores poorly on one of your tests. If his behavior is consistent with research examining mindset, which of the following is most likely? a. He will view his lack of success as lack of effort and will try harder in the future 12.Of the following, the term most closely related to the concept of "attribution" is: a. explanation 13.“I work really hard on my math,” Mike, a middle school student, comments. “I know that math courses in high school are tough, so the better I understand it now, the better I’ll understand it when I get to the tough classes.” Using learners’ beliefs as a basis, which of the following best explains why Mike is motivated to study math? a. Doing well in math has high utility value for him, since he sees it as useful for meeting future goals 14.Promoting motivation to learn with low achievers is particularly challenging for teachers. Using learners’ beliefs as a basis for the explanation, which of the following best explains why promoting motivation to learn with these students is so difficult? a. Low-achieving students have a history of failure, so their expectation for success is low, and low success expectations detract from motivation to learn 15.Which of the following is the best example of a performance goal? a. To get one of the two or three highest grades in the class on the next quiz 16.Cassie Green asks her students to help her with decisions about the rules and procedures they will follow to make their classroom function smoothly. Cassie incorporates much of what the students offer into her final list of rules and procedures. Of the following, which description best explains the effectiveness of Cassie’s efforts? a. Students’ needs for self-determination 17.According to Maslow, which of the following needs will predominate if there is a conflict among needs? a. Need to belong to a family 18.Which of the following is the most effective way to demonstrate that teachers are enthusiastic about the topics they’re teaching? a. Communicate to the students their own genuine interest in the topics they teach. 19.Of the following, which is the most effective way to set the tone for a safe and orderly learning environment? a. Consistently enforce procedures and rules for acceptable behavior 20.Student motivation increases when they understand what they’re learning and why they are learning it. Which of the following variables in the Model for Promoting Student Motivation is best illustrated by this description? a. Task comprehension 21.Ted Holmquist repeatedly makes comments such as, “Mistakes are a normal part of learning, so don’t feel badly when you make a mistake. Remember, our goal is to really understand this stuff, not just memorize a few terms.” Of the following, which statement best describes Ted’s efforts? a. He is attempting to create a mastery-focused classroom environment 22.As Ron Hanson and his class are discussing the factors leading up to World War II, Ron routinely asks, “Now, why do you suppose we want to study this topic? Why do you think it’s important?” The variable in the Model for Promoting Student Motivation that is best demonstrated by Ron’s questions is: a. task comprehension 23.When students understand what they’re supposed to be learning and why they’re supposed to learn it, their perceptions of autonomy can also increase. The value of these increased perceptions is best explained by: a. self-determination theory 24.Which of the following is not considered to be an important personal quality of a caring teacher? a. Praises students whether or not they try 25.As often as she can, Cheryl Eng puts the students’ names, the class, and the school in her examples when she teaches. She comments that this is an aid in getting their attention. The variable in the Model for Promoting Student Motivation that the example best illustrates is: a. personalization 26.A teacher believes he can get all students to learn, regardless of background experiences or ability. This belief most closely describes which of the following? a. Personal teaching efficacy 27.Of the following, which is the most effective way to communicate to students that you expect them to participate and succeed? a. Call on all of them as equally as possible 28.Which one of the following best describes the difference between masteryfocused and performance-focused classroom environments? a. Assessment is more likely to be used to provide feedback about learning progress in mastery-focused than in performance-focused classroom environments 29.Which of the following most clearly describes the “constructive” component of constructive assertiveness? a. We avoid attacking, demeaning, or personally criticizing students in interactions. 30.Communicating your concerns clearly, insisting that misbehavior be corrected, and resisting being coerced or manipulated most specifically describes which of the following cognitive interventions? a. Maintaining constructive assertiveness 31.Based on the suggestions for preparing effective rules, which of the following rules is best stated? a. Bring all necessary materials to class every day 32.A classroom environment in which learners feel physically and emotionally safe and their needs for belonging and relatedness are met, best describes: a. a positive classroom climate 33.Consider the concept academic learning time. Of the following, the one most closely related to the concept is: a. success 34.You are monitoring a group of students as they move from class to the lunchroom. One of your students lags a little behind the group and runs to catch up, which is against the rules because of the danger of being hurt or hurting someone else. Using research to guide your decision, which of the following is most effective? a. Have him return to where he started running and then walk to where he is going. 35.Of the following, which best describes the relationship between learning, motivation, and well-managed classrooms compared to classrooms where students are less orderly? a. Students learn more and are more motivated to learn in well-managed classrooms 36.Sally Harvey, an eighth-grade, middle-school math teacher, typically spends about 7 minutes after the bell rings taking roll, handing out papers, and writing assignments on the board. Karen Walters, who teaches in the room next to Sally, has a “do now” exercise written on the board, which the students complete while she takes role and completes other beginning-of- class routines. Based on this information, of the following, which conclusion is most valid? a. Karen’s instructional time will be greater than Sally’s 37.Research indicates that classroom management is most effective when interventions are as brief and unobtrusive as possible. Based on this research, which is most effective for a minor infraction, such as a student briefly whispering to another student and then turning back to work? a. Ignore the behavior 38.Students in your class appear to have difficulty understanding the concept of probability. An increase in which of the following will increase student achievement by the greatest amount? a. Academic learning time 39.What teachers want students to know or be able to do with respect to a topic is best described as a: a. learning objective 40.Ideally, which of the following is not a part of effective classroom management? a. Quickly and completely stopping student misbehavior when it occurs 41.The process of breaking content down into component parts and making decisions about sequencing the parts refers to which part of the instructional process? a. Conducting a task analysis 42.It is August, and Susan Fisher has decided to use cooperative groups in her fourth-grade science class for the upcoming year. Based upon effective cooperative learning practice, which of the following is the most valid recommendation for Susan as she plans this instruction? a. Provide instruction on social cooperation and group skills so that students better understand the role that these skills play in learning 43.Without any announcement from the teacher, students come into class, take their seats, take out their workbooks, and begin working exercises written on the board. The aspect of classroom management best illustrated in this description is: a. effective use of classroom procedures 44.Guided practice is an important element in which of the following models of instruction? a. Direct instruction 45.Which of the following best describes characteristics of elementary students that are important considerations for classroom management? a. Students in these grades need rules that make sense to them and are concretely taught 46.At the end of the class Suzy stopped by Mr. Barber’s desk and commented, “Mr. Barber, you called on everybody else, but you didn’t call on me even once, today.” Suzy’s comment most closely relates to the concept of: a. equitable distribution 47.Juanita Perez typically spends about 5 minutes after the bell rings taking roll, handing out papers, and writing assignments on the board. She then begins her lesson. Rafael Jiminez, who teaches in the room next to Juanita, has a “warmup activity” displayed on his document camera every day when the students walk into the classroom. They begin the warmup activity without being told while he completes his beginning-of-class routines, and when the students finish the activity, he immediately begins the day’s lesson. Based on the evidence we have in the vignette, which of the following is the most valid conclusion? a. Juanita is more likely to have classroom management problems than is Rafael 48.Which is not an essential characteristic of effective feedback? a. It is general 49.Amanda, one of your students, really likes to collect stickers and you know that she is willing to work for stickers. One day she comes to class and looks exhausted and it appears as though she is about to fall asleep. To encourage her be more involved during class, you tell her that if she finishes all of her seatwork, she can pick out a sticker to add to her collection. At first Amanda works really hard but her productivity drops off quickly. a. Use behavioral theories of motivation to explain why Amanda’s productivity drops off quickly. Use key terms in your explanation. b. Use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to explain why Amanda’s productivity drops off quickly. Use key terms in your explanation. i. Amanda constantly receives stickers because she works hard daily in class. The satiation of the sticker increased as she knew that is all she was getting. Due to the lack of variety and prediction that she was going to get a sticker she has the thought process of, "I already have a lot, why do I need more?" ii. Amanda has surpassed the highest level of Maslow's needs being her intellectual needs. She is very tired and has done all of the coursework before so she does not feel the need to do so again. Being that there is no higher need for her to reach she is satisfied in where she is currently 1. Missing key term and explanation: potency (-0.2), explanation of potency (-0.3) 2. survival needs or deficiency needs were not met (-1) 50.Ryan earned high marks in his science classes, including biology, chemistry, and physiology. He believes that he can successfully complete the coursework for medical school and work at a hospital. He also believes that he can successfully complete the coursework for veterinary school and work with animals. However, Ryan would rather work with animals on farms in his hometown and decides to enroll in veterinary school. Which theory of motivation, self-efficacy or expectancy x value theory, better explains why Ryan enrolled in veterinary school? Explain your answer using key terms. a. Ryan chose to follow the Veterinary track because of the SelfDetermination Theory of motivation. He had already succeeded in his classes and had reached the highest level of intelligence and competence in his science classes and studies. However, he could have chosen the medical track but he felt the need to experience a sense of choice to go through with the veterinarian track. By doing this he boosted his relatedness to other Veterinarians in the sense that he chose to be there. b. Expectancy X Value Theory is better Key point: - selfefficacy/competency on majors related to “medical school” and “veterinary school” (i.e., biology, chemistry and physiology) is similar/equal—> why self-efficacy theory is not better - however, the value that Ryan attaches on “medical school” and “veterinary school” are different, which makes him choose going to “veterinary school”.