Exam 1 Answers - Cognitive and Moral Development in Childhood

At what age would a young child typically show selfrecognition, the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror? 1. At what age would a young child typically show self-recognition with the ability to look in the mirror and recognize themselves? By 18 months 2. Piaget’s description of the differences between preoperational thought (characteristic of preschool aged children) and concrete operational thought (characteristic of elementary school aged children), includes which of the following? Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered. 3. A cognitive change during middle childhood that is characterized by improved declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge is known as Metacognitive skill. 4. Video response. Review the video on, page 215 of your book; from the 3 statements select which one(s) are correct. NOT SURE STATEMENT 1 IS NOT THE ANSWER 5. Which of the following statements is FALSE with respect to the moral self: Moral development and religious experience are equivalent, in order to develop morally, own must have a religious affiliation. 6. A coping style which has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is rumination. 7. Which of the following is a temperamental characteristic that is associated with prosocial behavior? Low social anxiety 8. The ability to restrain or redirect a strong impulse in order to perform a less-preferred response is called Effortful control 9. Self-esteem has been mistakenly touted as the “holy grail” of mental health, and this has meant that many preventive and remedial efforts have focused directly on improving low self-esteem. 10. The unique state of instability and anxiety in adolescence, brought on by body changes, emerging sexual needs, hormonal shifts, cognitive changes, and changing maturity demands, is referred to as Frame worklessness 11. Studies show that formal operational thinking is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts. 12. Video response. Review the video on, page 307 of your book; from the 3 statements select which one(s) are correct. When considering selective association, gender is a key consideration across cultures, during middle childhood. 13. Which of the following is true with regard to the way coping styles relate to depression? WRONG ANSWER Distraction serves to block out positive feelings, making the person feel more depressed. 14. When considering identity status, which statement is TRUE? Diffusion is the first status, typical during early adolescence, when there is a lack of exploration and commitment. 15. Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson’s view of identity? Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems. 16. Which of the following therapeutic approaches is designed to help children develop their perspective taking and friendship skills? WRONG ANSWER The self-monitoring approach 17. According to research, in middle childhood, academic competence, athletic competence physical appearance , peer acceptance and behavioral conduct are important to the development of self-esteem. Which one of these domains have been proven to be more important than the others? physical appearance 18. Which of the following does not contribute to improvements in children’s ability to remember with increasing age? As children get older they forget previously misunderstood information. 19. Which of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person? Guilty 20. Which of the following is a critical element that underlies the development of self- control? Emotion regulation 21. What kind of peer intervention is least likely to be helpful to troubled teens? Moving troubled teens to a new school so that they are separated from at-risk peers. 22. When data are analyzed together from a large number of different studies on the same question, like “are there sex differences in nurturing tendencies,” the report is called a Meta- analysis. 23. In adolescence and early adulthood, males and females begin to spend more time in mixed-gender groups. Studies of who has more influence on the outcome of problem solving in mixed-gender groups indicate that Females have a disadvantage because males do less turn-taking and are more domineering. 24. Brain developments in the adolescent period include which of the following? Continued 25. Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with positive outcomes in psychosocial development and school achievement for adolescents? Authoritative 26. Which of the following elements is most closely associated with the concept of the imaginary audience? extreme self-consciousness 27. Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to the onset of menarche? Girls who are very athletic are likely to have earlier onset of menarche. 28. Which of the following describes a type of influence that parents can have on whether or not their adolescent becomes a member of a particular crowd? Parents can affect their children’s initial characteristics, which then affect crowd selection. 29. Recent research on the self-system supports the idea that the self is ____________ in nature. Multidimension 30. Beliefs about sex differences sometimes are supported by research and sometimes are not. Which of the following gender stereotypes is not supported by research? Females tend to be more sociable and prosocial than males. 31. What is the “two-pronged approach” to helping adolescents with their behavioral, social, or academic problems? A focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors. 32. Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system. Which of the following explains the beginning of this process? The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream. 33. The maturing of the corpus callosum by middle childhood is especially important for Motor coordination. 34. By middle childhood, boys’ choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests, whereas girls’ choices of companions tend to be based more on Personality. 35. One factor that promotes self-esteem among minority group members is A strong and positive racial or ethnic identity. 36. Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons, Jason and Keith. When she comes home from her job, she likes to spend time playing with them, preparing their favorite foods, and watching TV with them. She describes herself as a “soft touch” when it comes to her children. Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year- old Jason’s behavior in school. Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son. She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children. Which style best describes Annette’s parenting? Permissive 37. Which of the following is a well-documented gender difference in brain structure? Male brains are more lateralized than female brains. 38. Males are less likely to survive than females, both before and after birth. One important reason is that Males are more vulnerable to disorders caused by X-linked recessive alleles than females. 39. What does Savin-Williams (2005) argue about the nature of sexual orientation? Sexual orientation is a fluid concept for up to 20% of teens. 40. Which of the following is a difference between working memory and longterm memory? Working memory has a limited capacity whereas long-term memory has almost unlimited capacity. 41. Video response. Review the video on, page 386. 1 and 2 are not the answer 42. A person who perceives neutral events as containing aggressive or threatening meaning is said to possess a Hostile attributional bias. 43. Which of the following is more typical of boys’ sex-segregated groups than of girls’ sex segregated groups? Boys engage in more rough-andtumble play in their groups. 44. The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of conscience. 45. Which of the following best represents Mead’s contribution to our understanding of self-development? Children internalize the orientations and values of their families and cultural groups in constructing their sense of self. 46. Memory is to some degree reconstructed. This accounts for the phenomenon of False memories. 47. When Sammy had to learn the names of all the planets, as well as their relative sizes, he made up sentences to help him create meaningful links between the concepts. For example, “Eartha ate the Mars candy bar” helped him remember that Earth is larger than Mars. Sammy was using a memory strategy called Elaboration. 48. When Marla, age 14, decides that she is a good writer because she gets better grades than her friend Jenna on stories she writes for English, she is demonstrating the use of ____________ as part of identity formation. Social comparison with peers 49. Experimentation with deviant or risky behaviors (drug use, vandalism, sex, truancy, etc.) in adolescence is Typical of this age group and can be considered statistically normative. 50. For an adolescent engaging in risky behavior (e.g., alcohol use), one strategy that counselors can use is to introduce dissonance into the discussion. Before a counselor can do so effectively, she must interview the teen about his or her own current beliefs and expectations.