Making Participatory Decisions in the Wisdom of Wisdom and Representatives

Making Participatory Decisions in the Wisdom of Wisdom and Representatives 1. Basic Concepts of Participatory Decision Making Participatory decision-making techniques are one way of making decisions by creating an open, transparent and democratic environment. In this technique, decisionmaking is carried out by involving various levels of society in the work environment. The word participation itself comes from the word "participant" which means taking part, and participation (John M. Echols & Hasan Shadily). Participation can also be understood as the role of a person or a group in the decision-making process or subsequent actions. This participation is usually involved in various activities in participatory techniques such as providing input, suggestions and opinions related to problems or obstacles that are occurring. According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) participation is about the role or participation of a person in a forum or activity. Meanwhile, according to Siagian himself, participation is a conscious effort to determine one alternative from various alternatives to solve problems through deliberation and democracy. Based on the several definitions above, it can be concluded that participatory decision-making is an effort made consciously to make decisions and determine and choose one solution to a problem that is carried out through deliberation in achieving a previously determined goal. 2. Decision-Making Techniques There are four decision-making techniques that have been proposed by Salusu, namely: 1) brainstorming, 2) the nominal group technique (NGT), 3) the Delphi technique, and 4) quality circles. 1) Brainstorming technique The brainstorming technique was introduced by Osborn in (1957), which prioritizes democratization in conveying opinions through a relatively small trial such as a group or committee trial. The prominent advantage of the brainstorming technique is the freedom to convey ideas because there is no fear of being criticized or stopped before finishing speaking. In addition, the number of ideas collected will be quite large so that there is a possibility of creating a good decision formulation. 2) The nominal group technique (NGT) The nominal group technique is a technique of participation in decision-making that is rarely used compared to the brainstorming technique. This technique is intended as a way to gather individual views and assessments in an atmosphere of uncertainty and disagreement regarding the core issue of a problem, then look for the best solution. This technique is most appropriate for small groups with less than 15 members. According to the proponents, with such a small number of members, the trial can be completed in just 90 minutes and should not take more than 3 hours. 3) Delphi technique The Delphi technique is often used at top management levels who usually do not have enough time to meet with each other. In this way, it can also prevent the emergence of direct confrontation of contradictory views between these officials so that harmonious relations between them can be maintained. Direct debate between participants is replaced by an exchange of information and views carried out through filling out questionnaires that are circulated to them. To be able to carry out this technique successfully, it is necessary to first appoint a small team who are experts in the problem to be discussed. 4) Quality circles Quality circles are seen as one of the techniques of decision-making participation, especially in the implementation sector, which is very popular, even quality circles are interpreted the same as participative decision-making groups. A quality group is a small group consisting of supervisors with a number of employees who work in certain sections. The group is a volunteer group. Quality control and productivity improvement techniques, to identify and resolve problems they face in their work. Their meetings are generally held during working hours, if outside working hours, the cost burden is borne by themselves. This is all reported to management for approval. After that it runs as desired. The number of quality groups in an organization depends on the number of sections and depends on what problems need to be continuously monitored and improved in order to provide quality service to consumers. Likewise, the number of members depends on the organization's policy.