Population of the Portuguese and Dutch Nations in Indonesia

POPULATION OF THE PORTUGUESE AND DUTCH NATIONS IN INDONESIA 1. Explain the history of the arrival of the Portuguese to Indonesia The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Indonesia. The Portuguese entry into Indonesia was initially for commercial purposes and was very well received by the community. However, the Portuguese had long wanted to control Indonesia by monopolizing spices. Indonesia is a country rich in spices and is a target for foreigners. In the Indonesian History book entitled "The Entry of Islam to Colonialism (2020) Ahmad Fakhri Hutauruk", Portugal and Spain were two Catholic kingdoms that had a powerful navy, advanced navigation and shipping technology compared to other countries. Both countries were also European pioneers in ocean exploration. This research is what brought them to Asia. The Portuguese arrived in Malacca in 1509. That was after the King of Portugal heard the first report from an Asian merchant about Malacca's enormous wealth. The king of Portugal then sent Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find out that Malacca would associate with its ruler. Initially, the arrival of the Portuguese was welcomed by Sultan Mahmud Syah, but the city's international Muslim business community convinced Sultan Mahmud that the arrival of the Portuguese was a threat. Sultan Mahmud then counterattacked the Portuguese and captured several people. After being attacked, the Portuguese sailed to the open sea to prepare their new strength. Because the only way for the Portuguese to strengthen themselves was by conquest. In April 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque sailed from Portugal to Malacca with a force of about 1,200 men and 17 or 18 ships. This continued sporadically through July and early August. During the war, the Portuguese won. The victory over Pourtugis was inseparable from internal problems on Malacca's side. The Portuguese also prepared to defend Malacca. This was done to anticipate a counterattack by Malacca. After successfully capturing Malacca, Albuquerque ordered the first ships to explore the Spice Islands. In 1512, a group led by Afonso de Albuquerque arrived in Maluku. There the Portuguese were received by the Ternate Kingdom which was at war with the Tidore kingdom and built a fort in the Ternate area. The fort was named Fort San Paolo. The Portuguese took advantage of this opportunity. By helping the Kingdom of Ternate against the Kingdom of Tidore, the Portuguese slowly began to secretly monopolize trade in Ternate. 2. Explain the history of the Pattimura war The Pattimura War was the war of the Maluku people against Dutch colonialism which began in 1817 in the Maluku area. At that time, the Dutch had just regained their power in Maluku after England signed the Treaty of London in 1816. After returning to power, the Dutch established political policies of monopoly, land tax (landrente), population transfers, the use of paper money, and Hongi shipping. (Hongitochten), as well as ignoring the London Treaty I, among other things, Article 11 contained provisions that the British Resident in Ambon had to first negotiate the transfer of the Ambon corps with the Governor and in the agreement it was also stated clearly that if British rule ended in Maluku then the soldiers would Ambon had to be liberated in the sense of having the right to choose to enter military service with the new government or leave military service, but in practice this transfer to military service was forced. The policies set by the Dutch made the people of Maluku miserable and angry until they agreed to fight back. In May 1817, the Maluku people held several meetings to discuss strategies to fight the Dutch. Until at a meeting on May 14 1817, the people of Maluku agreed to appoint Thomas Matulessy, who was a former soldier from the Ambon corps, as war commander, who was later named Kapitan Pattimura. Finally, on May 15 1817, the first attack operation was carried out by Kapitan Pattimura and his troops against the boat post in Porto Harbor. The next day, May 16 1817, an offensive operation was also carried out and succeeded in capturing the Duurstede fort and eliminating the head of the Saparua resident named Van Den Berg and his troops. On May 20, 1817, the Dutch attempted to retake Duurstede fort with a force of more than 200 soldiers under the command of Major Beetjes and brought in assistance from Ambon. However, the Dutch attempt was thwarted by Kapitan Pattimura and his troops. Apart from that, other battles that Kapitan Pattimura also managed to thwart included those around the islands of Seram, Hatawono, Hitu, Haruku, Waisisil and Larike. The Pattimura War then could only be extinguished by the politics of fighting against each other, deceit and scorched earth by the Dutch. People's figures who did not like Pattimura were successfully influenced and divided by the Dutch, such as Pati Akoon, king Booi from Saparua and Do Minggus Thomas Tuwanakotta. As a result, the strategy of the Pattimura troops was discovered by the Dutch, making the Dutch one step ahead and putting the people of Maluku under pressure. Apart from that, information from people who were affected led to Pattimura being arrested in Siri Sori, Central Maluku on 11 November 1817. Until finally on 16 December 1817 Pattimura and other warrior figures were sentenced to death by hanging, because they did not want to accept the offer of cooperation from Dutch side. After Kapitan Pattimura was sentenced to death, his struggle was continued by Martha Christina Tiahahu, daughter of Paulus Tiahahu. Christina Martha Tiahahu felt angry with the Dutch over her father's death sentence. After the death of Kapitan Pattimura and his father, he carried out guerrilla warfare several times until finally in a Cleansing Operation in December 1817 Martha Christina Tiahahu and 39 other people were captured and taken by Eversten ship to Java Island to be forced to work on coffee plantations. While on this ship, Martha Christina Tiahahu's health condition worsened, she refused food and medication. Finally, on January 2 1818, after Tanjung Alang, Martha Christina Tiahahu breathed her last breath. Martha Christina Tiahahu's body was buried with military honors in the Banda Sea. 3. Explain the reasons why the Dutch appointed Sultan Sepuh Hamengkubuwono as leader of the palace Sultan HB II was a persistent king, unwilling to give in to foreign pressure. As King of Java, Sultan HB II felt obliged to uphold and maintain the authority of Javanese power which was embodied in tradition. When the Javanese tradition which became his idealism was threatened by foreign rulers, Sultan HB II did not hesitate to fight him, even though his enemies were much stronger. This was clearly seen when HB II Sultan refused van Overstraten's request that the status of the Dutch envoy be equal to that of the King of Java. Likewise, Danders asked for changes to the rules for welcoming ministers, which undermined the dignity of the King of Java, and Sultan HB II firmly refused. In fact, during his reign, HB II Sultan never wanted to implement Danders' new rules. This rule was only successfully implemented after Sultan HB II abdicated and was replaced by his crown prince. During British rule, Sultan HB II appeared as King of Java, even though he had to sacrifice himself and his palace, he still dared to fight Raffles with his troops. When he abdicated for the second time in 1812 and was exiled outside Java, Sultan HB II never expressed his willingness to surrender to the colonial authorities. Likewise, when he was exiled to Ambon by the colonial government in 1817, HB II Sultan did not want to give up. His wish was to return to Imogiri and be buried near his father. When the Dutch needed him to return to the throne in 1826 to use his influence to resolve the Dibonigoro War, Sultan HB II still refused to persuade Dibonigoro to stop resistance or surrender to the Dutch. On the other hand, Sultan HB II's influence among the princes following Diponegoro appeared to be large, as evidenced by the surrender of several Yogyakarta nobles who returned to the palace and stopped fighting. It can be concluded that Sultan HB II was a Javanese king who never gave up and upheld Javanese traditional teachings. As a king who maintained Javanese traditions and power, he remains a respected and respected king. Based on the explanation above, the aim of the Dutch in reappointing Sultan Sepuh (Hamengkubuwono II) was: to attract the attention of the nobles who helped Prince Diponegoro return to the palace. 4. Explain how the history of the cultivation system during the glory days of the VOC was implemented In the 18th century, the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (abbreviated as VOC) was founded as an economic and political power on the island of Java after the collapse of the Mataram Sultanate. This Dutch trading company had been a major force in Asian trade since the early 17th century, but began in the 18th century. However, corruption, mismanagement and fierce competition from the British (East India Company) led to the collapse of the VOC at the end of the 18th century. In 1796 the VOC finally failed and was then nationalized by the Dutch government. As a result, in 1800 VOC assets in the archipelago fell into the hands of the Dutch crown. However, when France occupied the Netherlands between 1806 and 1815, these assets passed to England. After Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, it was decided that most of the archipelago would return to Dutch control. Competition with British traders, the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, and the Java War placed a heavy financial burden on the Dutch government: it was decided that Java should become the main source of income for the Dutch and Governor General Van den Bosch promoted the era of cultivation (historians in Indonesia refer to this period as the era of cultivation, but the Dutch colonial government called it Cultuurstelsel, which means cultivation system) in 1830. With this system, the Dutch monopolized the trade in export products to Java. In addition, it was the Dutch who determined the types (and quantities) of goods that Javanese farmers had to produce. In general, this meant that Javanese farmers had to give one fifth of their harvest to the Dutch. In return, farmers received compensation in the form of money at prices set by the Dutch without taking into account world market prices. Dutch and Javanese officials received bonuses if their residences produced more crops than before, encouraging top-down intervention and repression. In addition to forced cultivation and forced labor, Raffles' property taxes were still in effect. The cultivation system leads to financial success. Between 1832 and 1852, approximately 19% of the total Dutch government revenue came from the Javanese colony. Between 1860 and 1866 this number grew to 33 percent. Initially, the cultivation system was not only dominated by the Dutch government. Javanese rulers, the European private sector and Chinese entrepreneurs played a role. However, after 1850, when the cultivation system was reorganized, the Dutch colonial government became the main player. However, this reorganization also opened the door for private Europeans to control Java. The privatization process occurred because the colonial government gradually transferred the production of export goods to European private entrepreneurs. 5. Explain how ethical political policies were implemented during the Dutch colonial era in Indonesia Ethical policy or retaliatory policy (Dutch: Ethische Politiek) was the formal policy of the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) for four decades from 1901 until the Japanese occupation of the United States. In 1901, Dutch Queen Wilhelmina announced that the Netherlands had accepted ethical responsibility for the welfare of the colonial people. This news contrasts with the previous formal doctrine that Indonesia was a territory for profit. These include marking the beginning of modern development policies; while other colonial powers spoke of a civilizational mission, which primarily consisted of extending their culture to colonized peoples. The policy emphasizes improving material life situations. However, this policy suffered from severe underfunding, high expectations, and lack of acceptance within the Dutch colonial establishment, and was largely destroyed by the outbreak of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Ethical policy or policy of retaliation (Dutch: Ethische Politiek) was the idea that the colonial government had a moral responsibility for the welfare of the Bumiputera. This view is a criticism of the forced cultivation policy. The emergence of Ethics was started by Pieter Brooshooft (journalist for the Locomotief newspaper) and C.Th. van Deventer (politician) seems to have accessed the eyes of the colonial government to pay more attention to the fate of the returning natives. On September 17 1901, Queen Wilhelmina, who had just ascended the throne, in her opening speech to the Dutch Parliament, emphasized that the Dutch government had moral recommendations and loans (een eerschuld) to the native Dutch population. Queen Wilhelmina places this moral call into an ethical political policy, which is summarized in the Trias Van Deventer program which includes: • Irrigation (irrigation), construction and improvement of irrigation processes and dams for agricultural purposes. • Immigration causes people to transmigrate. • Education develops in the fields of teaching and education.