The Economic and Political Impact of Japanese and European Colonization on the Indonesian Nation

THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IMPACT OF JAPANESE AND EUROPEAN COLONIZATION ON THE INDONESIAN NATION 1. Explain the impact of Western education on the development of the Indonesian movement National movement is the meaning used to describe a phase in Indonesian events, namely the period of the struggle for independence from 1908-1945. Entering 1908, it was the first year of people's struggle with national insight or aspirations. In that year, the community carried out movements to fight the colonialists who remained regional. The emergence of awareness of national ideals accompanied by the birth of modern organizations since 1908 means the birth of another birth with a different stimulus. This mass movement tried to curb the demands of the colonialists who wanted to restore their power in Indonesia. The presence of the National Movement Organization reflects feelings of dislike and disagreement with the very worrying situation in society. Achieving independence as a nation is the national ideal of this movement. Indonesian National Movement Organization a. Budi Utomo Based on the movements of Dr. Wahidin Soedirohoesodo who traveled to the island of Java to socialize the importance of education. Apart from sharing knowledge, it also distributes education funds to underprivileged communities. In 1907, drg. Wahidin met Soetomo, a STOVIA student. Soetomo was attracted by Dr. Wahidin Soedirohoesodo then founded the Budi Utomo organization on May 20 1908. b. Islamic Society Based on the Sarekat Dagang Islam (SDI) organization which was founded by Haji Samanhudi in Solo in 1911, this organization aims to nurture local entrepreneurs so they can compete with nonlocal entrepreneurs who monopolize the batik trade. SDI was later changed to Sarekat Islam (SI) in 1912, chaired by H.O.S Tjokroaminoto. After changing its name, the number of members of ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) continues to increase because everyone can join this organization as long as they embrace Islam. c. Indische Partij The Indische Partij organization was founded in Bandung on December 25 1912. The people who founded this organization include Dr. E.F.E. Douwes Dekker, R.M Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara) and Dr. Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo. The three figures, known as "Three", built the Indische Partij to develop a sense of nationalism, create unity between Indonesians and Bumiputera people, and prepare people to live independently. From the explanation above, it is known that the impact of western education on Indonesia: • Indonesia can find out the mechanism of a political organization that can liberate Indonesia • Can know how to do farming in a modern way • Can increase knowledge of existing lessons in Indonesia 2. Explain the impact of Japanese colonialism on Indonesian politics The second World War (World War II) took place on two continents. In Europe, Nazi Germany fought against Allied forces. In Asia, Japan fought with allied forces. Germany and Japan believed that fascism wanted to dominate countries in the world. World War II in Asia was called the Pacific War or the Greater East Asia War. Japan tried to build an empire in Asia. World War II in Asia began on December 8, 1941 when the Japanese army (Dai Nippon) suddenly attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, which was the largest naval base in the United States Pacific. The Japanese army led by Admiral Yamamoto quickly moved south, including into Indonesia. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies, Alidius Tjarda Van Starkenborgh Stachouwer, declared war on Japan. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army tried to control Indonesia from the start. The reason is, the Japanese Armed Forces need oil and other raw materials to meet the needs of its armed forces. On January 10 1942, Japanese troops landed in Tarakkan, East Kalimantan, then took control of the Balikpapan, Pontianak and Banjarmasin areas. The oil fields in Kalimantan were easily controlled by Japan. On February 14, 1942, Japanese troops moved to Sumatra and occupied Palembang. Therefore, the island of Java was easier to capture. The Japanese army implemented the Blitz Krieg strategy to establish the Great East Asian Empire. Facing Japanese expansion, the Allies established ABDACOM (American, British, Dutch and Australian Command), headquartered in Lembong, Bandung. At the same time, Lieutenant General Hein Ter Poorten was appointed as commander of the Dutch East India Army (KNIL). However, in a relatively short time, the Japanese army was able to control almost all of East Asia and Southeast Asia. The Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 was one of the darkest times for the Indonesian people. People's lives at that time were very worrying. For Japan's war interests, Indonesian labor and resources were developed and utilized. However, because of the Japanese occupation, Indonesia was able to have a well-trained independent army on August 17 1945. The political impact for Indonesia was that when Japan first came to Indonesia, Japan was welcomed by the people of that country. Japan claimed to be Asia's "older brother" and "liberator" from European capitalism and imperialism. Previously, the Dutch East Indies colonial government banned the red and white flag and the national anthem Indonesia Raya, then Japan allowed it. Every morning, Indonesia Raya songs are played on the radio. A red and white flag flies next to the Japanese flag. But that only lasted a moment. Immediately after that, Japan even banned the screening of Indonesia Raya and the flying of the red and white flag. People are also required to be seikerei. The Seikerei bows towards Tokyo in the morning to pay homage to the Tenno Heika (Emperor of Japan). Media such as newspapers, magazines, news agencies, radio, films and dramas are restricted and strictly monitored. This channel is only used to promote Japan. Japan then restricted people's political movements. People were allowed to organize, but only for Japan's war interests. Several organizations that focused on independence were eventually disbanded by Japan. Examples include Putera and MIAI. During the Indonesian occupation, Japan implemented a military government system. All community activities down to the environmental level are controlled and supervised by Japan. The local population would be trained to make them confident in the Japanese army. Therefore, local occupation of the independence movement could be prevented. Quoting from Indonesian National History: In prehistoric times until the proclamation of independence (2011), when propaganda did not work, the Japanese army used violence. The power of the people is used. The ones who suffered the most were the romusha, the forced laborers. Most of them were villagers who were forced to work to build military bases, fortifications, railroads and other war needs. They work for free. As a result, many people starved to death. If you don't want to work, the Japanese will torture you cruelly, and many of you will die. From the explanation or explanation above, the correct answer to the impact of Japanese colonialism in the political field is • Japan prohibits political activities • Japan prohibits people from holding gatherings. • Japan even banned the screening of Indonesia Raya and the flying of the red and white flag. • The people are also required to be seikerei. The Seikerei bows towards Tokyo in the morning to pay homage to the Tenno Heika (Emperor of Japan). 3. Explain the impact of the Japanese occupation in economic aspects on the Indonesian people The second World War (World War II) took place on two continents. In Europe, Nazi Germany fought against Allied forces. In Asia, Japan fought with allied forces. Germany and Japan believed that fascism wanted to dominate countries in the world. World War II in Asia was called the Pacific War or the Greater East Asia War. Japan tried to build an empire in Asia. World War II in Asia began on December 8, 1941 when the Japanese army (Dai Nippon) suddenly attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, which was the largest naval base in the United States Pacific. The Japanese army led by Admiral Yamamoto quickly moved south, including into Indonesia. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies, Alidius Tjarda Van Starkenborgh Stachouwer, declared war on Japan. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army tried to control Indonesia from the start. The reason is, the Japanese Armed Forces need oil and other raw materials to meet the needs of its armed forces. On January 10 1942, Japanese troops landed in Tarakkan, East Kalimantan, then took control of the Balikpapan, Pontianak and Banjarmasin areas. The oil fields in Kalimantan were easily controlled by Japan. On February 14, 1942, Japanese troops moved to Sumatra and occupied Palembang. Therefore, the island of Java was easier to capture. The Japanese army implemented the Blitz Krieg strategy to establish the Great East Asian Empire. Facing Japanese expansion, the Allies established ABDACOM (American, British, Dutch and Australian Command), headquartered in Lembong, Bandung. At the same time, Lieutenant General Hein Ter Poorten was appointed as commander of the Dutch East India Army (KNIL). However, in a relatively short time, the Japanese army was able to control almost all of East Asia and Southeast Asia. The Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 was one of the darkest times for the Indonesian people. People's lives at that time were very worrying. For Japan's war interests, Indonesian labor and resources were developed and utilized. However, because of the Japanese occupation, Indonesia was able to have a well-trained independent army on August 17 1945. The economic and social impact was that Japan planned to control all the resources in Southeast Asia. Japan controls oil refineries in Indonesia. Japan used oil for war purposes. When he tried to seize Indonesia from the Dutch, several vital objects and important buildings were destroyed. As a result, in the early days of the Japanese occupation, the economy was paralyzed. Indonesia, which was initially fine, had to live in the shadow of the Japanese war. The Japanese government confiscated Dutch property or assets. Assets include plantations, banks, factories, mining, electricity, telecommunications and transportation companies. The people who lived during the Japanese occupation suffered great suffering. Their private property was needed to fund Japan's war. In big cities such as Batavia, Bandung, Semarang and Surabaya the number of homeless people is increasing. Often die from starvation on the road or under bridges. The black market in big cities is growing. As a result, necessities are difficult to obtain and in small quantities. These women were also forced to serve in the Japanese army. They were called comfort women who followed the army. The official name is teishintai or voluntary body donation pathway. In the village, people's livestock and agricultural products were confiscated by the Japanese government. Farmers who live good lives have become Romusha. As a result, fields and gardens are neglected. People only ate minimal food, such as sweet potatoes and leaves. Not only food, but also clothes. In the past, clothing was very dependent on imports from the Netherlands. In addition, cotton plants were neglected and crops failed. As a result, there were no people with proper clothes. Many people just use sacks to make rubber sheets. To overcome the scarcity of clothing, Japanese farmers were forced to plant cotton and open convection businesses. Even in April 1944 a civilian clothing collection week was held. Scurvy and tuberculosis were epidemics. Many people died in bad conditions. Life during the Japanese occupation was the worst in Indonesian history. So, the impact of Japanese colonialism in the economic field was... • Indonesians use sacks as a basic material for clothing, because clothes are difficult to buy. • The number of homeless people in big cities is increasing. • Production equipment and important goods were controlled by Japan. • Growing black market in big cities. 4. Explain cooperative and non-cooperative struggle techniques during the Japanese colonial struggle During the Japanese occupation, there were several strategies or tactics used by Indonesia to fight the invaders. One of the tactics used is called non-cooperative tactics. The figures who implemented non-cooperative tactics were: Sukarni Chaerul Saleh Adam Malik Armunanto A.A. Maramis Achmad Subardjo Non-Cooperative Tactics Non-cooperative struggle is a radical struggle, in which there are nationalist fighters who are not willing to cooperate with the colonial government. The method used in non-cooperative tactics is to study what is inside Japan to function against Japan itself. They did this because Japan was considered to have no sense of humanity for the Indonesian people, in order to cause anger which led to resistance. Underground Movement Apart from non-cooperative tactics, Indonesian nationalist leaders who refused to cooperate with Japan also carried out resistance movements. This movement is known as the Underground Movement. The underground movement was a movement carried out secretly by the Indonesian people because of the strict Japanese government at that time. The following movement was spearheaded by Sutan Sjahrir and Amir Sjarifuddin. The movement of the underground movement itself does not lead to armed resistance, but rather to build solidarity and strengthen the ideals of struggle. From this movement groups were formed that communicated and worked together. One of the activities of the Underground Movement was to secretly listen to Allied radio and disseminate information to them. Organizations At that time, there were several organizations that also implemented noncooperative strategies, namely: Sarekat Islam Perhimpunan Indonesia Indonesian National Party Indonesian Communist Party Indonesian Party (Partindo) Indonesian Muslim Association (Permi) Indonesian Solidarity Party (PSI) Activities carried out by this organization The non-cooperative strategy was as follows: Galvanizing national motivation and unity among the people through public meetings, newspapers and schools. Demanding that the colonial government give freedom of movement to parties. Condemning the colonial government for carrying out arbitrary actions. From the explanation above it is known that: • Cooperative with Japanese assistance. namely, the Indonesian people entered into agreements with Japan to work together during the previous struggle. • Non-cooperation by secretly carrying out rebellion or struggle so that Japan's defense will be pushed, such as underground movements, educated movements, etc.