Types of Project Work

Types of Project Work If viewed from the most dominant activities carried out on a project, then we can categorize projects as follows: 1. Construction Projects A construction project is a series of activities divided into two types, namely routine activities and project activities, namely: a) Routine activities are activities that continue and last a long time. b) Project activities are activities that are only carried out once and generally last for a short period of time or in other words project activities can be interpreted as a temporary activity that lasts for a limited period of time, with the allocation of certain resources. These activities can be in the form of building a factory, making a new product or conducting research and development. A project is an effort with a specific purpose with limited time and resources, while building construction is erecting a building, so a construction project is an effort to erect a building with a certain time using limited project resources. From the definition above, it can be seen that the main characteristics of a project are: a) Has a specific purpose, final product or final work result. b) The amount of costs, quality criteria in the process of achieving the above goals have been determined. c) Having a beginning of activity and an end of activity that has been determined or has a certain time period. d) The series of activities are only carried out once (non-routine), not repeated, so that they produce unique products (not identical but similar) e) The type and intensity of activities change throughout the project. The stages of a construction project consist of: • Planning Stage • Engineering and Design Stage • Procurement/Auction Stage • Implementation Stage • Operational Test Stage • Utilization and Maintenance Stage 2. Manufacturing Project A manufacturing production project is the process of achieving and utilizing resources to produce or generate goods or services that are useful as an effort to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. Manufacturing engineering is the design of a product's production process. Production or manufacturing engineering studies all things related to the production process, including several functions below (Turner, 2000:53), namely: a. Evaluating whether or not a product can be produced. b. Choosing the type and determining the parameters of the production process, such as the components used, cutting tools, cutting depth and others. c. Designing work support equipment that functions to guarantee and regulate the position of the workpiece during the production process. d. Estimating the costs required to produce a component of a product. e. Guaranteeing the quality of the product produced. The goals of this type of project include obtaining a certain level of profit or maximizing profits, providing services with a good level of service, and trying and trying to guarantee the existence of the organization. 3. Research and Development (R & D) Project Research and development (R & D) is a research method used to produce a particular product, and test the effectiveness of the product. In order to produce a particular product, research is used that is in the form of needs analysis and to test the effectiveness of the product so that it can function in the wider community, so research is needed to test the product. So research and development are longitudinal (gradual, can be multi-year). The main activity of this project is to conduct research and development in order to produce a particular product. The implementation process, as well as the scope of work carried out, often changes to adjust to the final goal of the project. The goal of the project can be to improve or enhance the product, service or production system method. The research and development procedure according to Borg and Gall, can be done more simply by involving 5 main steps: a. Conducting analysis of the product to be developed b. Developing the initial product c. Expert validation and revision d. Small-scale field trials and product revisions e. Large-scale field trials and final products 4. Project Management Services Project Management Services are closely related to non-physical facilities or services from the company. For example, increasing employee productivity, developing a company's management information system, project development management and including project management itself. Project development management is a system for planning, implementing and supervising projects that are being implemented. Project development must coordinate the implementation plan with the resources provided so that the project can be completed according to target, meaning that the project is completed on time and in accordance with its concept. a) Project Planning Project planning is a description of what and how the project should be done. This includes the type of work, completion time, implementing personnel, equipment and also the budget. This planning is considered to make it easier for related parties to work more easily and neatly scheduled. b) Project Scheduling Project scheduling includes scheduling the times of each project activity in a predetermined order. There are several types of charts that are often used by schedulers, one of the most famous is the Gantt chart which is considered easier to interpret and effective to use. c) Project Supervision Supervising and controlling the progress of a project is one thing that should not be underestimated in project development for the sake of project compliance with the targets that have been set. Moreover, this supervision is useful for monitoring budget flows and evaluating various weaknesses and errors during project development. 5. Capital Projects Capital is all forms of wealth that can be used, directly or indirectly, in production to increase output. Capital as a driving force for economic development includes investment in technical knowledge, improvements in education, health, and skills. In general, it can be stated that capital is more a result than a cause of economic development; in the sense that economic progress always increases the amount of capital in society, while an increase in the amount of capital may not cause economic progress. Sources of Capital for Development: a. Physical sources (Community Self-Reliance) Physically, capital formation can be achieved by reallocating production factors from less efficient use to more efficient use. In other words, hidden unemployed production factors can be utilized for development and will not reduce production in the original sector or activity. b. Financial sources of funds Financially, sources of funds for development can be grouped as follows: • Community savings (voluntary saving) is the part of community income that is not spent to meet consumption needs. Community savings are divided into two, namely voluntary savings and forced savings. • Tax or forced saving is a contribution imposed on taxpayers by the government, tax is a source of government or state revenue. • Government savings are the difference between revenue and routine expenditure after being used to finance routine expenditure, then there is remaining expenditure. • Government loans are program assistance funds and project assistance to finance government expenditures, which can be in the form of voluntary loans and forced loans, these loans can also be divided into domestic and foreign loans. • Inflation (invisible tax) can be interpreted as an invisible tax, namely a situation where general prices increase continuously. • Foreign direct investment is an investment carried out by foreign capital owners in the country to gain a profit from the business carried out, which can be in the form of direct investment or portfolio investment, namely the purchase of shares from within the country.