Stages of the Decision

STAGES OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Abstract The decision-making process is an activity that is being carried out by an agency or institution in making a decision for future use. This process is very important and very influential in the future of an agency or institution that makes it. There are many steps, stages and types in this process that must be done or known by a leader because it affects what is being managed now and also for the future. A. INTRODUCTION 1. Background Of The Decision-Making Process A process is an activity that is being carried out by a person or institution. The decision-making process is an activity that occurs when an institution or agency is going to make a decision. The decision-making process always and definitely exists because if there is no process, the decision will not be made or occur. This process can also determine whether a decision that has been made is good or not. 2. Purpose Of The Decision-Making Process The purpose of this process is so that when a leader makes a decision, he is not in a hurry, does not make a mistake, and can make a good decision. If a decision is made directly without a process, it is likely that the decision will not be a good decision and will definitely have many shortcomings. There is a process so that a decision can be made well. Even though it goes through many obstacles when making it, with the process the decision will definitely be a good decision. B. DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 1. Stages In The Policy-Making Process According to the book "Introduction to Public Policy Analysis" by William N. Dunn on page 24, there are five phases in the policy-making process, namely: a. Agenda Setting or Problem Formulation Elected and appointed officials place problems on the public agenda. b. Policy Formulation or Forecasting Officials formulate policy alternatives to address problems. c. Policy Adoption or Recommendation Policy alternatives adopted with the support of a legislative majority, consensus among agency directors, or judicial decisions. d. Policy Implementation or Monitoring Policies that have been taken are implemented by administrative units that mobilize financial and human resources e. Policy Assessment or Assessment Inspection and accounting units in government determine whether executive, legislative, and judicial agencies meet statutory requirements in policy making and achieving goals. 2. Steps In The Decision-Making Process According to the book "Decision Making in Educational Leadership" by Mustiningsih in chapter 6 pages 58 to 59, there are several steps in the decision-making process. a. According to Drucker in Owens (1987) • Problem definition; • Problem analysis; • Developing alternative solutions; • Determining the best alternative; • Implementing activities based on the best alternative. b. According to Mintzberg, Reisinghani and Theoret (1976) • Identification stage; • Development stage; • Selection stage. c. According to Simon (1997) • Identification and selection of problems; • Development of alternative solutions to problems; • Choosing the best alternative solution. 3. Types Of Decision-Making Process According to the book "Decision Making Techniques" by Aspizain Chaniago in chapter 5 pages 25 to 26 about the minaut process (decision making), there are four human thought patterns, namely: 1) Assessing and explaining 2) Cause and effect 3) Making choices 4) Anticipating the future Therefore, the process is also divided into four types (Charles H Kepner, 1965): 1) Situation Analysis This analysis is based on the first rational thought pattern. Situation analysis is designed to identify problems that must be solved and decisions that must be taken and future problems that must be analyzed and planned. The stages of situation assessment are as follows: • Problem recognition, • Problem separation, • Priority setting, • Placement, 2) Problem Analysis This analysis is based on a cause-and-effect thinking pattern. Problem analysis shows how to find important information and eliminate irrelevant information. The steps of this process are as follows: • Formulate the problem, • Describe the problem, • Find important and relevant information • Test the causes, • Verify. 3) Decision Analysis This analysis is based on the pattern of thinking of determining choices. With this process we can evaluate the various alternatives available and choose the best alternative. The steps in this analysis can be described as follows: • Formulate decision statements, determine targets • Develop and evaluate alternatives • Analyze consequences or risks. 4) Potential Problem Analysis. This analysis is based on our anticipation of events that may occur and that may occur in the future. This process allows the organization to act more actively in determining its future. The steps of this process can be described as follows: • Identify critical areas, • Identify potential problems, • Identify possible causes, • Identify remedial actions. C. CONCLUSION In my opinion, the decision-making process is something that definitely happens when making a decision. There are so many stages and types in this process, it can prove that the process is very important in everything. This process is also what can make mistakes or shortcomings in a decision very minimal, because during the process we can analyze which things will be detrimental and beneficial. If it is detrimental we can throw it away and if it is beneficial we can keep it in the process until the decision is made. D. IMPLICATIONS The decision-making process must of course be carried out very well and carefully. Because if everything goes well in the process, a decision that is being made will definitely be a good decision. In the future, I hope that leaders can lead their subordinates when they are in the process of making this decision well in order to create a decision that is very satisfying in all aspects. E. RECOMMENDATIONS I would like to recommend to leaders to make regulations since the decisionmaking process if the rules do not yet exist. The rules in question are rules that can make the subordinates of the leaders carry out this process very well.