Chapter 2 The Outsiders S.E. Hinton

Section 3.2 - Carbon Compounds 23. What is an organic compound? An organic compound is any compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms, often combined with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens 24. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds. Besides carbon, the three other elements that make up most organic compounds are hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) 25. Carbon dioxide, CO2, is NOT an organic compound. Explain why. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is not considered an organic compound because it lacks hydrogen atoms. Organic compounds are typically defined as compounds containing carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds 26. How many electrons are in the outermost energy level of carbon? How many does it need to have this energy level filled? Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level. It needs four more electrons to have its energy level filled 27. How many covalent bonds can carbon form? Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds 28. Name 3 structural shapes that form whenever carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms. The three structural shapes that form when carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms are: - Linear or straight chain - Branched chain - Ring structure 29. How many electrons are being shared in a single covalent bond? double covalent bond? triple covalent bond? quadruple covalent bond? - Single covalent bond: 2 electrons are being shared - Double covalent bond: 4 electrons are being shared - Triple covalent bond: 6 electrons are being shared - Quadruple covalent bond: 8 electrons are being shared 30. Draw these 3 molecules and circle a single bond, double bond, and a triple bond in your drawings --- benzene, acetylene, and ethanol. 31. Explain what is meant by a functional group, & tell what effect they have on the molecules they are attached to. A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions. Functional groups can alter the chemical properties of the molecules they are attached to, influencing their reactivity, solubility, and other characteristics 32. Write the formula for these functional groups (use your textbook & handout) --- hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate group, amino group, and methyl group. - Hydroxyl: -OH - Carboxyl: -COOH - Phosphate group: -PO4^3- Amino group: -NH2 - Methyl group: -CH3 33. Hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms forms an ___alcohol__________. Name an alcohol used in humans to assemble molecules needed for life. 34. Large carbon molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called _____monomers_______. 35. Large carbon molecules made of monomers are called ______polymers_________. 36. What are large polymers called? Large polymers are called macromolecules 37. What type of reaction links monomers to make polymers? Condensation reaction links monomers to make polymers 38. Sketch a molecule of sucrose (table sugar) formed from condensation. Name the 2 sugars that were combined to form sucrose. 39. Condensation reactions involve the removal of a molecule of _____water_______. 40. What reaction is used to breakdown polymers? Is water added or removed? How does this compare to condensation? The reaction used to break down polymers is called hydrolysis. Water is added during hydrolysis to break the bonds between monomers. This contrasts with condensation, where water is removed to form bonds between monomers 41. All life processes require a constant supply of ____energy________. Name the molecule used by cells to get energy. Give its abbreviation. 42. ATP contains what 3 functional groups covalently bonded together? Write the formula for this functional group. ATP contains three functional groups covalently bonded together: phosphate groups, ribose sugar, and adenine. The formula for the phosphate group is -PO4 43. Which bonded phosphate group on ATP releases the MOST energy when broken? The phosphate group attached to the third carbon of ATP releases the most energy when broken Section 3.3 - Macromolecules 44. Name the 4 main classes of macromolecules (organic molecules) & tell what 3 elements all of these contain. The four main classes of macromolecules, also known as organic molecules, are: - Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids These macromolecules all contain the three elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Additionally, nucleic acids contain phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N)