Human Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide

Exam #1 Study Guide 36 multiple choice + 4 fill in the blank 0.75 points/question = 30 points total Ch 1. Skeletal Muscle – 1. Know structure of skeletal muscle and sarcomere BM is superficial to the plasmalemma – tendon, epimysium, 2. What is the difference between BM and plasmalemma general BM function:  structural component  endomysium and tendons  synapses to the motor nerve terminal  inhibit AcH signal via enzyme, acetylcholinesterase  helps to maintain integrity of synapse  guide regenerating axons to the former site of NMJ  regernatate specialized structures required for synapse (motor nerve terminal/skeletal muscle)  stimulate synaptic folds and incorporate AcH receptors in the plasmalemma 3. What is the difference between Type I vs. II motor units? 4. What is the difference between eccentric and concentric contractions? Isometric contractions?  eccentric contractions produce more force vs. concentric contraction  maximize force production: o eccentric  speed up o concentric  slow down  sliding filament theory  concentric contraction = 1 ATP for every cross bridge, requires more ATP/energy o eccentric contraction  uses less ATP vs. concentric contraction  isometric contraction can’t overcome the weight for joint angle to change o muscle length remains static position  requires ATP  cross bridges spend about half of the cycle time attached the actin, rotation of actin monomers o if enough motor units can be recruited to produce additional force to overcome the resistance, the static contractions can become a dynamic one 5. What is the sliding filament theory, know the order of events. 6. What is syncytia? 7. What is the length-tension relationship?  too short or stretched sarcomere  reduce force that can be produced  optimal length = maximize the number of cross bridges Exam #1 Study Guide Ch. 2 Metabolism / Bioenergetics – 1. What are the rate limiting enzymes in glycolysis, Krebs and ETC? 2. How many ATP are produced from the complete metabolism of glucose? Glycogen? 3. Which reactions cost an ATP in the 1st phase of glycolysis?  hexokinase (1st step converting glucose to G-6-P)  4. How many NADH and FADH are produced the complete metabolism of glucose? Glycogen? 5. How many ATP are derived from NADH and FADH via the ETC? 6. What is the end product of the last step of anaerobic glycolysis? What is its fate? 7. How is lactate produced and what is the fate of lactate? 8. Can AMP be used for energy? What is AMP’s role in metabolism?  phosphorylase (glycogen  G1P) and phosphofructokinase (phase 1 glycolysis) 9. 10. 11. 12. Where does glycolysis occur? Krebs? ETC? When is each metabolic system used? ie: phosphagen, glycolysis, aerobic. What is the phosphagen system? Glycolysis? Aerobic metabolism? Beta-oxidation? Which step represent the convergence of glycolysis and glycogenolysis? Ch. 3 Neural System – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Know neuron structure. What is a motor unit? What is the resting membrane potential o fa neuron? What is the ion concentrations of sodium and potassium in and outside of the cell? What is the all or nothing principle? When is an action potential fired? How does this occur? What is the absolute and relative refractory periods? What is the role of the premotor cortex? Pyramidal cells? Primary motor cortex? Cerebellum? What is the differences between efferent vs. afferent nerves? What is the hierarchical structure of the neural system? Ie: CNS vs. peripheral NS, somatic vs. autonomic. 11. Compare/contrast the function of muscle spindles and GTO  proprioceptor muscle spindle:  muscle belly o muscle spindle – intrafusal fibers, they aren’t contractile and sense stretch o extrafusal fibers = skeletal muscle fibers    respond to stretch stimulate force production (excitatory function) intrafusal fibers detect stretch  muscles are eccentric/lengthening, gamma efferent fibers help stimulate greater force production of extrafusal fiber Exam #1 Study Guide GTO:    tendons respond to tension or strain inhibits contraction agonist (inhibit biceps IPSP, stimulate triceps EPSP) Ch. 5 Energy Expenditure – 1.Atmospheric air composition? 2.What comprises total energy expenditure? 3.What is resting metabolic rate?  RMR = 3.5 ml O2 /kg/min.  1 MET = 1 metabolic equivalent  energy required to maintain resting function (Na-K pump) 4.How is caloric expenditure determined during exercise?  1 L O2 = 5kcal  indirect calorimetry  VE, O2/CO2  example = 60 kg woman, 20 ml/kg/min for 60 min. o 20 ml/kg/min x 60 kg = 1,200 ml O2/min. o convert to L = 1.2 LO2/min. o 1.2 LO2/min. x (5 kcal/1 L O2 = 6 kcal/min. x 60 min. = 360 kcal 5.What is VO2max? 6.What is VT? 7.What is RER, and what does it indicate? 8.What is lactate threshold? What intensity would a person be running at when s/he hits lactate threshold? Which substrate would this person be using as fuel? 9.What causes fatigue during exercise? 10. What is the Haldane transformation equation and why is it important? 11. What is the difference between indirect and direct calorimetry? 12. In indirect calorimetry, what are the 3 variables measured that are used to calculate oxygen consumption? 13. What is the caloric value of 1 g of fat, protein and carbohydrate? 14. What is the caloric deficit required to lose 1 lb of fat? 15. What is EPOC? What elevates EPOC?  EPOC = excess post exercise oxygen consumption occurs after exercise  used to rebuild PCr/ATP  repair of muscles (DOMS/eccentric training)  restore blood/tissues  remove lactate/rebalance pH  body temperature elevated  VE, HR elevated, and hormones elevated  lasts about 1 hour but dependent intensity exercise o higher exercise intensity  greater EPOC (1 L O2 = 5 kcal) Exam #1 Study Guide o lower exercise intensity  smaller EPOC