Exam 2 Environmental Science

_Exam2 Environmental Science MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The greatest general problem with suburbs is ________. A) the lack of nearby shopping B) the lack of resources C) that they decrease water quality D) the high population density E) that they spread environmental impact over a larger area 2) Green Revolution techniques ________. A) focus on organic farming B) focus on sustainability C) have contributed to an increased diversity of foods in the human diet D) focus on preserving biodiversity E) have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable 3) Soil texture refers to the relative amounts of ________ in soil. A) water, organic matter, and minerals B) detritus and humus C) mineral content and water saturation D) organic matter and minerals E) sand, silt, and clay 4) The average consumer can reduce his or her ecological footprint the most by ________. A) eating more meat and less grains B) eating more locally grown foods C) eating less meat and dairy products D) drinking bottled water that is high in mineral content E) eating mainly foods that are shipped in large, bulk shipments 5) All of the following were steps toward sustainability taken by Kennesaw State University EXCEPT ________. A) producing their own food B) constructing their own nuclear power plant C) beginning a recycling and composting program D) building a LEED-certified commons E) going trayless in their cafeteria 6) The results of the overapplication of fertilization can include ________. A) crops spreading rapidly into nearby areas B) very fertile soils in future years C) eutrophication in nearby waters D) very large fruits and vegetables E) large crop yields per acre 7) The figure depicts age structure diagrams for 1970 and 2014. All of the following can be directly inferred from the data shown in the figure EXCEPT ________. A) a higher proportion of the population was elderly in 2014 than in 1970 B) the TFR of the planet has decreased from 1970 to 2014 C) in 1970, females had a slightly higher life expectancy than males D) Earth's population growth rate was higher in 1970 than in 2014 E) there were more people on the planet in 2014 than in 1970 8) Monoculture farming ________. A) is a development of industrial agriculture B) is always accompanied by no-till agriculture C) is typical of Native American farming techniques D) accounts for less than 1% of U.S. croplands E) requires no chemical fertilizers or pesticide 9) Which of the following best illustrates the intrinsic value o A) My professor's prairie provides flowers for her colon B) A wetland filters runoff and detoxifies water before i C) Woodpeckers in the Black Hills eat mountain pine b acres of pine forests in the western U.S., costing million extreme fire hazard. D) Chippewa National Forest in Minnesota provides jo E) An estuary is often a stopover location for millions o and fuel up on the invertebrates living in the mudfla 10) the term demographic transition refers to____. a) The decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops b) The slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity c) A requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable d) The slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches it biocapacity e) The decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred because sanitation levels in areas improved 11) The transitional stage in the demographic transition model is initiated by ________. A) epidemics B) industrialization C) the increased use of contraceptives D) resource depletion E) government intervention 12) In the study of urban ecology in Baltimore and Phoenix, how do the two cities differ in their citizens' exposure to toxic chemicals? A) Minorities in both cities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards than white citizens, but minorities in Phoenix are provided with better health care to offset the costs related to exposure. B) Baltimore was built before building codes and zoning laws prohibited building homes on contaminated sites, so all of the citizens of Baltimore are exposed to high levels of toxic chemicals, whereas Phoenix has been built more recently and so does not have problems related to toxic chemical exposure. C) In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed. D) Baltimore has taken a zero-tolerance approach to polluters, so its citizens are much less exposed to toxic chemicals than the citizens of Phoenix. E) Phoenix has largely eliminated exposure to toxic chemicals, whereas the citizens of Baltimore suffer from extreme exposure to such hazards. 13) Which one of the following is an ecosystem service? A) erosion B) creation of pollution C) global warming D) pollination of crop plants E) genetically modifying food 14) Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid? A) If they stay in the city, they will contribute more to local pollution. B) If they stay in the city, they'll probably get less exercise. C) If they move to the suburbs, it will cost much less for transportation. D) They'll experience more stress if they move to the suburbs. E) It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs. 15) According to the IPAT model, which of the following would most likely reduce the environmental impact of a society? A) the discovery of large reserves of fossil fuels within a nation's borders B) greater use of birth control by most members of a society C) providing developing countries with the technologies needed for manufacturing automobiles D) construction of industrial plants by wealthy nations to draw on cheaper labor E) increased use of electricity and natural gas by most members of a society 16) You have two friends who are ethicists. One is a universalist, and the other is a relativist. You listen as they discuss many issues, during which all of the following statements are made. Which statement is most likely to have been spoken by the relativist? A) Slavery is not ethically wrong in societies where slaves are otherwise at risk of starvation and misery. B) Killing people is wrong. C) Lying is wrong because it can affect another person negatively. D) Environmentally harmful actions such as logging and overfishing are selfish and should be punished. E) People always have a right to take whatever measures they see fit to defend their life and property. 17) If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%. A) 1.4 B) 5 C) 10 D) 20 E) 25 18) In Japan, the presence of ducks and the aquatic fern in rice cultivation has shown that ________. A) ducks and other birds must be eliminated from rice fields B) GM crops such as rice cannot succeed without ferns to provide shade and ducks to provide pollination C) the ferns provide an excellent food for ducks D) invasive species diminish rice yields E) restoring portions of the biodiversity of a natural ecosystem can increase crop yields and profits 19) Industrial agriculture ________. A) is necessary today for all cultures B) had no impact on agriculture C) permanently improved soils, providing more food from less space D) increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area E) rapidly deteriorated soils, requiring continuous movement to new croplands 20) ________ advocate for steady-state economies because they believe that Earth's natural systems generally operate in self-renewing cycles that can be "tapped" sustainably. A) Capitalists B) Ecological economists C) Malthusians D) Cornucopians E) Socialists 21) Shelterbelts are to ________ as terraces are to ________. A) stratification; salinization B) wind erosion; water erosion C) leaching; desertification D) salinization; stratification E) water erosion; wind erosion 22) The horizon where leached minerals and organic matter accumulate is called the ________. A) B horizon B) parent material C) O horizon D) C horizon E) E horizon 23) New urbanism seeks to ________. A) keep business in a central location, near transportation centers B) use tiered taxation to maintain inner cities as vibrant, livable communities C) provide low-cost, long-distance, mass transit systems D) use zoning to keep small neighborhoods intact E) develop walkable neighborhoods, with homes and businesses close together 24) Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China? A) Changing public attitudes about family size through communication, education, counseling, and contraceptives have reduced the population growth rates. B) Increasing child survival, elevated status and employment levels for women, and increased literacy in the general population has decreased fertility rates. C) There is minimal governmental financial support for birth control for all couples. D) A one -child policy enforced through taxation and penalties may have been too successful in controlling population growth. E) A one -child policy that requires all women to work and guarantees education for all has decreased fertility rates. 25) Your friend plants Roundup Ready seeds in her garden and several months later notices that her garden is overrun with weeds. She calls the seed company to complain. How should the customer service agent respond? A) The customer service agent should point out that the Roundup Ready plants would survive being sprayed with Roundup. Your friend never used Roundup on her garden, so the weeds overran her garden. B) The customer service agent should apologize, because the seeds were already treated with Roundup, which should have controlled the weeds. C) The customer service agent should point out that the kind of weeds in her garden must already be resistant to the effects of the Roundup that was in the seeds. D) The customer service agent should put your friend on hold indefinitely. E) The customer service agent should point out that Roundup Ready crops are no longer legal and should advise your friend that any crops she is growing need to be destroyed and not eaten because they are contaminated. 26) Which of the following describes changes in forest cover in Costa Rica since 1940? A) Costa Rica has been regaining lost forest land since 1940, when strict forest regulations were passed and the country began serious reforestation efforts. B) Costa Rica's forests increased in size slightly from 1940 until 1985, after which Costa Rica began rapidly losing forests because multinational coffee companies began cutting down rainforest to create coffee plantations. C) Costa Rica's forests have changed dramatically in composition since 1940 because the forests have been invaded by European buckthorn and other invasive species. D) Costa Rica has lost virtually all of its forests to agriculture since 1940. E) Costa Rica rapidly lost forests from 1940 until the 1980s, but its forests have more than doubled in size since then. 27) Which of the following is an assumption of neoclassical economics? A) All citizens deserve just and equal economic and sociopolitical treatment. B) Economic growth is a means toward greater human well-being. C) Long-term effects and planning are important. D) Resources are finite and should be conserved for the greater good of society. E) External costs and benefits are valuable. 28) Overgrazing can result in all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) desertification B) soil erosion C) increased water infiltration D) the proliferation of weeds E) soil compaction 29) A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________. A) an increase in violent crimes and an increase in vacancy and abandonment of homes B) white flight C) the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive D) an aging population and a declining tax base E) urban decay 30) No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________. A) whose cropland is in the Conservation Reserve Program B) who plant a cash crop every third year C) who typically experience minimal soil erosion D) using contour strip cropping E) with steeply sloped fields 31) Which of the following factors drives TFR down? A) history and tradition B) high infant mortality C) social and economic security D) poverty E) rural lifestyle 32) Compaction of soil in a garden harms plants by ________. A) decreasing aeration, decreasing infiltration, and increasing runoff B) increasing aeration, decreasing infiltration, and increasing runoff C) decreasing aeration, increasing infiltration, and decreasing runoff D) increasing aeration, increasing infiltration, and decreasing runoff E) increasing the amount of clay, decreasing the amount of silt, and decreasing infiltration 33) Which of the following can be inferred from the figure? A) TFR is lowest for those countries where all females attend high school. B) Females in Ethiopia do not go to school because they cannot take time off from having children. C) Contraception is more readily available in Cambodia than in Ethiopia. D) There is no relationship between TFR and the education of women. E) For countries in which >50% of females attend secondary school, there is no relationship between TFR and the education of women 34) A soil deficient in humus would have ________. A) no cations B) very low levels of biological activity C) a large amount of vegetative detritus at the surface D) a very low mineral content E) many decomposers and be able to hold considerable 35) Aquaculture ________. A) produces less fish per unit area compared to ocean w B) requires the flooding of fields to produce water-inten C) can bring economic benefits and food security to ma D) frequently results in unintended catch of nontarget s E) has no real environmental disadvantages 36) Zero population growth occurs in a population when ____ A) the carrying capacity is larger than the ecological fo B) birth rate equals death rate, and there is no migration C) the ecological footprints are larger than the carrying D) total fertility rate exceeds the average replacement r E) people have as many children as they can in the first 37) Place the following list of steps into the correct sequence for creating a genetically modified organism. a) The gene is transferred to the target organism. b) The bacteria containing the recombinant DNA are allowed to reproduce. c) The gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid. d) A plasmid is isolated from a strain of bacteria. e) The plasmid containing the recombinant DNA is inserted into bacteria. f) The gene of interest is isolated from the cell of an organism. A) a → b → c → d → f → e B) d → e → c → f → a → b C) f → d → c → d → a → b D) f → d → a → b → c → e E) d → f → c → e → b → a 38) It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________. A) carnivorous animals like fish and alligator B) foods grown using IPM methods C) GM foods D) herbivorous animals like cattle and chicken E) plant-based foods 39) All of the following factors are thought to contribute to colony collapse disorder EXCEPT ________. A) the use of insecticides B) parasites and pathogens C) loss of habitat such as prairie D) abnormally harsh winters E) the use of Roundup to kill weeds 40) Tommy and Teagan are learning the process of good home gardening and decide to help their parents as best as they can. Every day they walk along rows of bean plants, carefully inspecting each plant for harmful insects, and removing any that they find. However, the bean plants do not grow well, and few beans form. Their parents notice the poor beans, inspect the plants and soil, and tell the children that walking around the plants every day has hurt the plants by ________. A) increasing soil aeration and killing soil microorganisms B) reducing the nutrient minerals in the soil C) contaminating the soil with toxins leaching from their shoes D) compacting the soil, decreasing aeration and infiltration E) converting the topsoil into clay 41) ________ encourages more sustainable business practices. A) The government providing all goods and services to citizens B) Ecolabeling C) Greenwashing D) Increased economic growth E) Abolishing permit trading 42) Natural wilderness should be protected as is, regardless of the needs of humans, is an example of the ________ point of view. A) environmentalist B) preservationist C) ecologist D) conservationist E) economist 43) Decomposers are most likely found in the ________. A) E and B horizons B) B and C horizons C) C and R horizons D) C and E horizons E) A and O horizons 44) Raising which of the following requires the least land and water per kg of protein produced? A) beef and milk B) eggs and chicken C) beef and chicken D) pork E) milk and eggs 45) This pyramid depicts soil ________. A) nutrient content B) parent materials C) textures D) profiles E) horizons 46) Soil that is 50% clay, 20% silt, and 30% sand would be categorized as ________. A) clay B) silty sandy clay C) clay loam D) silty clay E) loam 47) What is the approximate minimum percent sand a soil can have and still be considered "sandy loam"? A) 85% B) 43% C) 20% D) 55% E) 28% 48) Soil that is 30% silt could be classified as any of the following EXCEPT ________. A) sandy loam B) clay loam C) loam D) silt loam E) clay 49) Which of the following soils would be classified as clay loam? A) 60% clay, 70% sand, and 30% silt B) 70% silt and 30% sand C) 60% clay and 40% silt D) 70% clay, 10% silt, and 20% sand E) 30% clay, 40% sand, and 30% silt 50) Soil classified as sand is ________% sand. A) at least 70 B) 100 C) at least 43 D) at least 85 E) at least 10