Macromolecules Worksheet Part A. Classify each as a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid. 1. carbohydrate Starch 9. carbohydrate Polysaccharide 2. lipid Cholesterol Phospholipid 3. lipid Steroid 10. lipid 11. neither, but is a key component of a lipid 4. carbohydrate Glycogen 12. carbohydrate Monosaccharide 5. protein enzyme 13. carbohydrate Cellulose 6. lipid saturated fat 14. protein amino acid 7. protein polypeptide chain 15. lipid unsaturated fatty acid 8. carbohydrate Glucose Glycerol Part B. Identify the specific molecule (use the above terms) from each description. Some terms may be used more than once. 16. lipids provides long-term energy storage for animals 17. carbohydrate provides immediate energy 18. lipids sex hormones 19. carbohydrate provides short-term energy storage for plants 20. protein animal and plant structures 21. lipids forms the cell membrane of all cells 22. protein speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy 23. carbohydrate one sugar 24. protein (amino acids) monomer of proteins 25. carbohydrate provides long-term energy storage for plants 26. lipids steroid that makes up part of the cell membranes 27. *glycerol (see above) 3-carbon “backbone” of a fat 28. carbohydrate provides short-term energy storage for animals 29. carbohydrate many sugars 30. carbohydrate forms the cell wall of plant cells Part C. Which specific molecule (saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, cellulose) is each food mostly made of? 31. starch almond 39. cellulose celery 32. cellulose spinach 40. starch soy beans 33. protein beef jerky 41. glucose cranberries 34. protein bacon 42. protein egg white 35. starch noodles 43. glucose table sugar 36. glucose orange juice 44. starch popcorn 37. protein/saturated fat cheese 45. protein lobster 38. starch wheat 46. unsaturated fat sesame oil Part D. State whether each is found in animals, plants or both. 47. animals saturated fat 53. both glucose 48. both protein 54. both enzyme 49. both steroid 55. both polysaccharide 50. both amino acid 56. animals glycogen 51. both monosaccharide 57. plants starch 52. plants cellulose 58. both phospholipid Part E. Which food molecule (monosaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, protein) would you eat if… 68. …you needed a quick boost of energy? monosaccharide 69. …you wanted to grow strong nails? protein 70. …you haven’t eaten in days? protein 71. …you wanted to grow healthy hair? protein 72. …you had a race tomorrow afternoon? polysaccharide 73. …you were getting ready for hibernation? lipid 74. …you wanted to get bigger muscles? protein 75. …your next meal will be in a week? lipid Short Answer questions 1. What is the relationship between glucose, fructose, and galactose? They are isomers of one another – They have the same chemical formula but differ in how those elements are bonded to each other within the molecule. 2. What are the structural differences between a saturated and an unsaturated fat? Unsaturated fats have a double bond between at least two carbons in the fatty acid tail and those same carbons have only a single hydrogen bonded to each. 3. Explain how polymers are related to monomers. Polymers are comprised of monomers. A short primer on bonding… Most living things are mainly composed of different combinations of the same five elements. These elements are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus (mainly found in nucleic acids – which is not a focus for this test). Carbohydrates and fats are comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Proteins are composed of a chain of amino acids. Amino acids are made of a central carbon bonded to 4 different groups: a carboxyl group (–COOH), an amine group (–NH2), a hydrogen atom (–H), and a side group that varies depending on the type of amino acid. Twenty common amino acids can combine in various ways to make different protein molecules. The sequence of amino acids in each protein is unique to that protein, so each protein has its own unique 3-D shape. Why do these particular elements bond together to form organic molecules? What is unique to carbon that makes it the most important element in organic molecules? As you have learned, it is the number of valence electrons that allow certain elements to bond with one another. What do you think the mnemonic device “HONC 1-2-3-4” might mean? If carbon has __4____ valence electrons, then it can form ___4_____ bond(s). If hydrogen has___1___ valence electrons, then it can form ___1______ bond(s). If oxygen has___6___ valence electrons, then it can form ____2_____ bond(s). If nitrogen has__5____ valence electrons, then it can form ____3_____ bond(s).