Geology Quiz Answers Chapter 3

Chapter 3: ● How many major continents are there on Earth? ○ Seven ● The puzzle-like fit of the continents, similarity of rock types across continents, and glacial evidence all were pieces of evidence supporting Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift. What was another piece of supporting evidence? ○ Similar fossils are distributed across multiple continents. ● Gondwana is the name given to the combination of southern ______ proposed by Wegener in his hypothesis of continental drift. ○ Continents ● The presence of Glossopteris leaves and Mesosaurus on disconnected continents are strong _______ evidence for continental drift. ○ Fossil ● Scratch marks made on rocks in the southern continents by ancient _____ show that the continents were once connected around the South Pole and then moved apart by continental drift. ○ Glaciers ● Which of the following statements are accurate about volcano distributions on Earth? ○ Many volcanoes along the edge of the Pacific Ocean are associated with earthquakes. ○ There is a large volcanic belt along the west coasts of North and South America. ○ Volcanism occurs along mid-ocean ridges. ● The location of earthquakes is a better guide to plate _______ than the location of volcanoes. ○ Boundaries ● Land bridges were originally proposed to explain _____ evidence as provided by the presence of Mesosaurus and Glossopteris on continents separated by large oceans. One supercontinent that split apart by continental drift better explains this evidence. ○ Fossil ● When divergent boundaries occur on continents, the process is called _____ rifting. ○ Continental ● Glacial evidence in ______ continents that are too warm for glaciers in their current position is evidence of continental drift. ○ Southern ● Convergent boundaries are formed when ______. ○ two plates move toward each other ● Volcanoes and earthquakes ______ in the same areas on Earth's surface. ○ Often occur ● Out of earthquakes and volcanoes, which one of these is a better guide to plate boundaries on Earth? ○ Earthquakes ● What two plate boundary types work together to define mid-ocean ridges? ○ Transform ○ Divergent ● Oceanic plates subduct beneath continental plates because ______. ○ Oceanic plates subduct beneath continental plates because ______. ● Large volcanoes on the western coasts of South America (the Andes) and North America (the Cascades) are the results of oceanic-continental plate ______ ○ Convergence ● When two continental masses converge, we refer to it as a continental ○ Collision ● Horizontal movements between plates occur at _____ faults ○ Transform ■ AKA strike-slip ● The process of plate tectonics circulates materials between the asthenosphere and the ○ Lithosphere ● In order for a tectonic plate to move, what must the relationship between driving and resisting forces be? ○ The driving forces must exceed the resisting forces. ● Large composite _______ of the Andes Mountains of South America and the Cascade Range of Washington and Oregon are the result of oceanic-continental plate convergences. ○ Volcanoes ● Convection currents in Earth's ______core produce the magnetic field. ○ Outer, liquid, or molten ● Earth's ______ poles have switched many times throughout geologic history. ○ Magnetic ○ Over 40 times ● How does the process of plate tectonics circulate materials between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere? ○ Some asthenosphere becomes lithosphere at mid-ocean spreading centers and reenters the asthenosphere at subduction zones. ● As iron-rich minerals in newly erupted basaltic lava align with Earth's magnetic poles, ______ patterns develop on the seafloor. ○ Magnetic or striped ○ iron-rich minerals align with Earth's magnetic field ● The layer of Earth that behaves as a dynamo (electrical generator), producing the magnetic field, is the ○ Outer core ● Both the matching of _____ outlines and their geology help to support the theory of plate tectonics. ○ Continental ● Island chains and seamounts cross parts of the ocean floor. In terms of plate tectonics, these oceanic islands and associated seamounts are ○ different in character and origin from curved island arcs