World History Short Answer Study Guide

AP WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE SHORT ANSWER 7- Silk Road and Sand Roads *MAXINE* Silk Roads -Land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia -Began as linking China & Central Asia -new Merchant communities introduced -Contributed to spread of Bubonic Plague -Spread of Buddhism (especially in China) What made silk a highly desired commodity across Eurasia? •Silk was used a currency and as a means of acquiring wealth •It became a symbol of wealth in China and the Byzantine empire •Associated with the sacristy in the expanding world religions of Buddhism and Christianity What were the major economic, social, and cultural consequences of Silk Roads commerce? •Long-distance trade propounding affected the lives of peasant farmers •Peasants gave up cultivation of food crops, choosing to focus instead on producing silk, paper, porcelain, lacquerware, or iron tools •Some merchants accumulated considerable fortunes What accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads? •Buddhism appealed to Indian merchants •oasis cities of Central Asia that engaged in long-distance trade found in Buddhism a link to the larger, wealthy, and prestigious civilizations of India. •Well-to-do Buddhists built monasteries and supported monks to earn religious merit. •Buddhism picked up elements with other cultures. What impact of disease along the Silk Roads? •Exposed to unfamiliar diseases to which they had little immunity or effective methods of coping •Black Death swept away nearly one-third of the population in Europe, China, and the Middle East •gave Europeans a certain advantage when after 1500 they confronted the peoples of the Western Hemisphere How did the operation of the Indian Ocean trading network differ from that of the Silk Roads? •Transportation costs were lower on the sea roads than the Silk Roads •sea roads carried bulk goods be products destined for the mass market, silk roads carried luxury goods for the few •sea roads relied on monsoons •India was the center of the sea roads AP WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE SHORT ANSWER What changes did trans Saharan trade bring to west Africa? •construction of the new and larger political structures •sudanic states established substantially urban and commercial centers. Some also became manufacturing centers •Islam accompanied trade and became and important element To what extent did the Silk Roads and the Sea Roads operate in a similar fashion? How did they differ? similarities: • the role of commerce in the creation and maintenance of the networks • the spread of ideas and technologies along the routes • the commercialization of communities that participate in the routes • the role of states along the two routes differences: • the lack of pastoralist participation on the Sea Roads • the use of caravans versus vessels • the commodity goods traded on the Sea Routes but not the Sand Roads • the direct participation of East Africa and Southeast Asia in the Sea Roads but not the Silk Roads. What impact did the Arabian camel have on long-distance trade in Eurasia and Africa? -Quicker, more efficient to get where you needed to go -Could carry heavier stuff -Improved journey -Made it possible to cross sahara desert -Camels could go 10 days without water, store in hump -Initiated commerce 8- Dynasties (Tang and Song), Buddhism, China’s Golden Age *MEGAN* Decline of Buddhism in China: - Perception that Buddhist beliefs challenged imperial authority - Resentment of wealth of the Buddhist establishment - Foreign origin of Buddhism offended Confucists and Daoists - Monks’ withdrawal from society undermined Confucian family beliefs - Resentment of foreign culture among chinese literate classes after 800 CE - When the Han dynasty collapsed after 300 CE, Confucianism became discredited and Buddhism grew AP WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE SHORT ANSWER - Buddhist monasteries came under state control when xenophobic reactions were displayed Buddhism entered Korea from China To many, Buddhism was associated with magical powers and miracles China - After the collapse of the han dynasty, northern nomads conquered parts of China - Participating in the tribute system gave people the opportunity to trade in China - A complex network of internal waterways that provided cheap transportation contributed to China’s economic prosperity during the Tang and Song dynasty - Korea and Japan sent people to China to study Chinese thought and culture - Korea adopted elements of Chinese culture while still retaining their own aspects and separate political party - China’s economy became commercialized and widespread - China became the richest empire on earth at one point Tang and Song - The adoption of a fast ripening strain of rice adopted from Vietnam contributed to the doubling of the Chinese population during the Tang and Song dynasties - Tang and Song dynasties set standards of excellence in literature and art - The revival of Confucianism in the Song dynasty caused women’s lives to be stricter than that of the Tang dynasty - A complex network of internal waterways that provided cheap transportation contributed to China’s economic prosperity during the Tang and Song dynasty - Song dynasty masculinity can be identified through calligraphy, scholarship, painting, and poetry - Political contribution of tang and song: construction of a state structure that lasted until the twentieth century - In the tang dynasty, western barbarians were Indians - Foot binding during the song dynasty suggested that women’s lives in the song were more restricted than in the tang 9- Islam VS Christianity, Sufi and Shia Muslims *GIZZLE* Sunni Muslim Saw that the caliphs (leaders) were rightful military and political leaders selected by the Islamic community. Believed that religious authority emerged from larger community, especially from religious scholars known as ulama. Shia Muslim AP WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE SHORT ANSWER Branch of Islam that felt the rightful leadership in the Islamic world should derive from Ali and Husain, blood relatives of Muhammad. Shia's have often seen themselves as minority. They are the "defenders of the oppressed and critics of wealth and power." They embraced a messianic element believing their dead leaders were actually in hiding and not dead. Division of Islam after death of Muhammad The community divided against Sunni and Shia because they did not know who should be the next leader. Umayyad Family Shia viewed this family as corrupt. Sufis Another branch of Islam that has been incorporated into other two parts. Sufis seek a direct and personal experience with the Divine. They are a more mystical branch of Islam. They disapproved of the corruption of government and worldly success. Often challenged the religious authority of the Ulama Mystical strain of Islam that emphasizes attaining union with Allah through discipline and spiritual exercises How Women's rights improved in Islam Sufi sects allowed women to take part in holy orders. Hadiths - traditions about the sayings or actions of Muhammad, - presented women as weak and deficient - seen in adam and eve story. Islam in Anatolia Were Greek-speaking Christian population governed by Byzantine empire. Was very successful in bringing Islam to Anatolia with 90% of the area becoming Muslim. Difference between Islam conversion in Anatolia vs. India More conversion in Anatolia because: AP WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE SHORT ANSWER - Christianity monotheistic and Sufi said it was two versions of same religion. Christians were forced to wear special clothes and pay taxes and were forbidden to ride horses or carry swords. - Sufis established schools , orchards, hospitals, and rest places for travelers. Islam in Spain - Was considered a place of harmony and tolerance for much of Islam's rule. Allowed religious freedom of Christianity and Judaism. - In Golden Age of Muslims in Spain under Abd al-Rahman III (912-961) was one of mixing of Christians and Muslims, who would marry each other and Christians began adopting Muslim practices such as veiling women. - Christians still second-class citizens and tolerance began to erode. Under rule of al-Mansur (981-1002) persecution of Christians began. Couldn't interact with Muslims and homes must be lower than Muslims and they could only live in certain places. - After 1200, Christian reconquest began. Summary of The World of Islam as a New Civilization - Islam spread quickly through conquest and conversion aided by the ideas of Sufis. 10- Crusades (what they fought for), Byzantine Empire, Christianity European Empire *ALL* (Long term impact of crusades) • The Crusades marked an expansion of the influence of Western Christendom at the same time that Eastern Christendom and Byzantium were declining. • The Crusades stimulated the demand in Europe for luxury goods (especially from Asia). • The Crusades also allowed Western Europeans to learn techniques for producing sugar on large plantations using slave labor, a process that had incalculable consequences in later centuries as Europeans transferred the plantation system to the Americas. • Muslim scholarship, together with the Greek learning that it incorporated, flowed into Europe. • The Crusades hardened cultural barriers between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism; in addition, Christian anti-Semitism was exacerbated. • European empire-building, especially in the Americas, continued the crusading notion that < God wills it.= AP WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE SHORT ANSWER • In Western Europe, reason was used to explain religious truths and the natural order. The goal was to provide a rational foundation for religious faith, not to challenge it. Eventually, the increasing emphasis on logic and reason led to inquiries in law, medicine, and nature that evolved into the separate field of natural philosophy and science. • In the Byzantine Empire, reason did not play a significant role in religion because of a general animosity toward the rationalism of Greek learning. Reason and faith were seen as conflicting rather than compatible, as in Western Europe. • In the Islamic world, the secularism of Greek thought prevented it from playing a significant world in religious thought. The integration of politics and religion in the Islamic world did not offer any room for the development of an independent field of rational inquiry, as in Western Europe. 11- Africa & Eurasia during the black death *BIANCA* - known as the < plague= or the < pestilence= - originated in China then spread across the trade routes of the Mongol Empire (early 14th century) - Carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas to humans - Erupted in 1331 (northeastern China), spread to the middle east and western europe in 1347, reached east Africa in 1409 by Chinese maritime expeditions - Europe, Islamic world and China were densely populated - Rates of death that ranged from 50-90% - Half the population of Europe died (1348-1350), middle east lost one-third of the population, regions of the eastern hemisphere (India, Sub-saharan Africa) were much less affected - Intense first wave was followed by periodic visitations over the next several centuries - Long term social changes in Europe: - Labor shortages provoked sharp conflict between scarce workers who sought higher wages and better conditions and the rich who resisted those demands - Labor shortage fostered interest in technological innovation and more employment opportunities for women, fostered its future growth - Population contracted, cities declined, volume of trade diminished across the Mongol World - Mongols were in disarray, lost control of Chinese, Persian, and Russian civilizations by 1350 - The Central Asain trade route, critical to the Afro-Eurasian world economy, closed - Desire to avoid Muslim relation and the disruption of Mongol-based land routes to the east motivated Europeans to explore the sea and reach the riches of Asia - Organized and fostered world trade, creating a network of communication and exchange - Spread European culture (christianity, language, settled societies, western science and tech) AP WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE SHORT ANSWER - - - Brought disease and population decline to the Americas European actions at the beginning of expansion were similar to the Mongols - Military advantages (europe- naval tech, mongols-bows and horseback mobility) - Mongols fostered and organized trade, created a network of communication and exchange like the Europeans - Both economically less developed than other major civilizations (China and Islamic) - Forcibly plunder wealthier civilizations they encountered Characteristics of pastoral societies: **Was on the Chapter 11 Test** - Less productive, smaller populations - Lived in tents, largely nomadic - Women had more rights and opportunities - Relies on animals and livestock - Used animals as status symbols 12- Islam in 15th century, Islam vs China *BOJANA* - - Only Ming dynasty China and the Incas matched the Ottoman Empire in terms of wealth, power, and splendor. From Guided Reading: Islamic world crystallized into four major states/empires; Ottoman, Safavid, Songhay, Mughal - spread of Islam to new areas, such as Southeast Asia - (4) rise of Malacca as a major Muslim port city in the 15th century - The Ottoman Empire - (1) Huge territory: Anatolia, eastern Europe, Middle East, North African coast, Black Sea - (2) sultans claimed the title "caliph" and the legacy of the Abbasids - (3) Aggression towards Christian lands; fall of Constantinople, siege of Vienna - Safavid Empire - (1) emerged in Persia from a Sufi religious order - (2) imposed Shia Islam as the official religion of the state - Songhay - (1) rose in West Africa in the second half of the 15th century - (2) Islam was limited largely to Urban elites; Sonni Ali followed Muslim practices - (3) was a major center of Islamic learning/trade - Mughal - (1) created by a Turkic group that invaded India in 1526 - (2) gained control of most of India - (3) effort to create a partnership between Hindus and Muslims - AP WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE SHORT ANSWER - What was China viewed as in the 15th century? Since its recovery, it was the best governed and most prosperous of the world's major civilizations What did Asia witness in the 15th century? -Ming dynasty voyages into the Indian Ocean -Last major eruption of pastoral power in Timur's empire -Flourishing of maritime city of Malacca What did China also undertook during the 15th century? The largest and most impressive maritime expeditions the world has ever seen