Sea-Based Empires Comparison 1450-1750

Name:_______________________________________________ Date:___________ Period:_______ Unit 4: Sea-Based Empires Comparison 1450-1750 Spain Government --The Spanish Empire took control of the Philippines and Explain the process of state building and expansion. mined silver in the Americas. In order to control its empire Spain created a formal system of government. They granted encomiendas which demanded labor or taxes from Native Americans. Native Americans were forced to work in the gold and silver mines. --Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored Atlantic exploration. Christopher Columbus believed that through his voyages he could expand European trade and spread Christianity. How did they build and manage their empires? Who was in charge? What type of govt? Trading Posts and/or Colonies Established Technological Innovations What technologies did this empire utilize or develop to establish and maintain their sea-based empire? Economic How did the trading posts and/or colonies contribute to this empire’s economic development? Portugal --The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world along an imaginary line, and states that Portugal could claim any land east of the line if it wasn’t already under christian rule. From this Portugal gained brazil --Viceroys were representatives of the King --Audiencias were courts appointed by the king who were put in place to make sure that the viceroys wouldn’t go against the king. --Prince Henry the Navigator encouraged exploration and provided money for it. He also wanted to spread christianity. --Vasco Da Gama sailed around Africa,landed in India, and invaded the Swahili coastal cities. --Spain expanded into the Philippines in 1521 and started a campaign to conquer the Filipions. Manila became a Spanish commercial center which attracted Chinese merchants and other people.Was not that hard to take the philippines since they had a superior military. --Colonized the Americas (Aztec and Incan territories) --Due to the Treaty of Tordesillas most of the Americas were claimed by Spain --Portugal was a trading post empire which allowed it to have many ports across the globe without having to take care of large portions of land. They had the Ports/ colonies along the Indian Ocean which were: Hormuz, Goa, and Malacca. Portugal had the colony of Brazil which brought in a lot of money. They also had ports/colonies in Africa: Swahili coast (Kiliwa,Mombasa) and central west Africa (Kongo, Benin) --They used caravel ships to travel far and fast. They also used Galleon ships for silver trading across the pacific. Mercury was used to separate silver which made it more profitable. --They depended on gunpowder to support their troops’ firearms and cannons. They used swords and lances as well. --The Portuguese used carrack ships for their trading and like the Spanish, they used caravel ships for their long, fast trips. Cartography which was map making helped mariners because they used them to guide the ships to the right place. Portugal had superiority in their navy and weapons which allowed it to expand before the other European powers. --Gold and silver were very valuable and brought in a lot of economic success. Being a member of the slave trade also brought economic proseporty because tey were profiting off of selling and trading slaves. Cash crops like --Entrepreneurs established sugar plantations on the coast of Brazil that made a lot of profit. Brazil depended on the production and export of sugar. Portuguese nobles also established sugar plantations that Social What social changes were brought by the establishment of their trading posts and/or colonies? Culture What cultural changes were brought by the establishment of their trading posts and/or colonies? sugar and tobacco brought in a lot of money. New technology also helped bring in money since things became more efficient. The increased amount of silver eventually caused inflation. depended on slaves. Sugar was the main cash crop tht increased the need for slavery due to the large plantations. The large number of trade ports the Portuguese had also brought in a lot of revenue. --A rigid social system based on birthplace and ethinic group developed. At the top were the peninsulares who were Spanish colonists born in Spain. Most government officials came from this class. --Spanish conquerors used their plantations to force labor among African and Indian slaves which led to discrimintioation and the destruction of native cultures. --Migrants born in Europe were peninsulares and they were at the top of the hierarchy and were followed by criollos who were born in the Americas by Iberian parents. Men had all the power in society and the only power women had was limited to things related to the house. --Portuguese planters and owners of sugar mills were a privileged class that had social, political, and economic power. --Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to expand catholicism --Under Spanish law, Native Americans had to share their culture which created a coherent community and also preserved the Native culture. The Americas, Philippines, and Spain enabled for cultural blending.The whole empire was catholic and became unified due to the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. --Portuguese was the language of government, business, and society. Portuguese territories became multicultural and ethnically mixed. Portuguese migrants would form relationships with indgineous women which lead to an increased mixed society. The religion was mainly Roman Catholicism. Netherlands (Dutch) Government Explain the process of state building and expansion. How did they build and manage their empires? Who was in charge? What type of gov’t.? -The Dutch had good ships and cannons and with force they were able to gain control over trade in the Indian Ocean. -The Dutch East India Company was a trading company ran by the Dutch government that ran its merchants’ trade in Japan, South East Asia, and China -The Dutch West India Company was another trading company by the Dutch government that ran its merchans’s trade in the Americas and Africa France -Absolute monarch Louis XIV had all power and was able to centralize government by using his absolute rule and Versailles. He made all his nobles stay at Versailles and had spies which ensured that he knew everything that was going on at all times. He was very successful and was able to expand France more than any other King before him. -Jacques Carter claimed Canada and travelled the St.Lawrence river -Fronde civil disturbances against royal power England -England had a monarchy with a parliament which allowed the nobles to have more power. The parliament was responsible for represent different parts of England’s views on issues like tax and law -James II became king and he was Catholic. His and-protestantism made people mad. A group of nobles made Willia of Orange invade England and became the new king and made England Protestant. This strengthened the parliament and passed a law forbidding Catholics to rule England. Trading Posts and/or Colonies Established -They had trading ports and colonies along the Indian Ocean (Malacca and Batavia which were captured from the Portuguese), in the Americas (Hudson river area and New Amsterdam which connected the French to the English), and in Japan (they were the only country allowed to trade with them on an island off of Nagasaki). -France had trading ports and colonies in the Americas such Quebec in Canada, however they did not settle there permanently. Also in South Asia like in Pondicherry, India, but that was also not permanent. -England defeated Spanish colonists and took control of a lot of Jamaica in 1655. -Trading ports and colonies in the Americas such as Jamestown in Virginia which was the first successful colony in the Americas. They were mainly Protestant colonies. Technological Innovations Dutch ships which were called Fluyts, were faster and lighter than their rivals’ ships which gave them an advantage in trade. Since they were a sea-based empire they utilized technologies like the astrolabe and maps. Gunpowder helped Dutch pirates called Sea Beggars. Advances in equipment such as the compass and new sails equipped with lateen sails enabled France to expand and efficiently travel/trade. Gunpowder was also used and it aided in Frances’s conquests. Gunpowder, the compass, the astrolabe, lateen sails, and paper-making were all things utilized by England that were beneficial towards conquests and expansion. They helped France further its trading capabilities and allowed for more convenient trade. -The Dutch East India Company was highly successful and made a lot of profit in the Spice Islands and Southeast Asia. The Bank of Amsterdam traded currency internationally. -Caribbean sugar production and rum helped bring in a lot of revenue -They had the highests cost of living due to the high taxes caused by trading -In the early 18th century France fell into financial schemes that were based on the sale of shares to investors. After a lot of buying that made the price of shares go up, the financial bubble burst and investors lost a lot of money and many went bankrupt. This damaged the whole economy severely. -By the 1700s Caribbean sugar production and rum were financing fortunes -Like France, England also damaged its economy by bursting finance bubbles due to financial schemes based on the sale of shares. -England’s main cash crop was sugar from plantations which was able to finance a lot of the nation. -The application of mercantilism led to a strong economy, but it also led to inflation and alienation in colonies What technologies did this empire utilize or develop to establish and maintain their sea-based empire? Economic How did the trading posts and/or colonies contribute to this empire’s economic development? Social What social changes were brought by the establishment of their trading posts and/or colonies? Culture What cultural changes were brought by the establishment of their trading posts and/or colonies? -Most Dutch elite were townsmen who were wealthy and sometimes they became part of the government as regents. Regents were members of the ruling bodies of town and province. The common people were made up of artisans and small businessmen -France and the Natives had better relationships due to fur trading. They signed a treaty together against the English -France had nobles that would always compete with the middle class and the priestly class. The Fronde Rebellion which happened 1648-1653 was when the nobles tried to stop the growing royal class which led Louis XIV to want to keep the nobles under his supervision at all times. -John Rolfe was able to establish peace with the Natives -Men had more freedom while women still had to live with the boundaries of the patriarchal society. -Less class hierrachrises thahn in Spain or Portuguese settlements. Puritans and Quakers wanted to escape old european society and didn;t want to remake it -The Dutch standard of living became the highest in Europe. Goods like diamonds, potery, and tulip bulbs were traded. -The Dutch were the most religiously and culturally tolerant country in Europe. They tolerated Jews who were one reason for why finance was able to flourish in the country -France had schools in Canada to convert the indeginious to European and Chrisitan values -Catholic French missionaries worked actively to spread christianity -Art and architecture in Versailles reflected French culture -After William became king, he and his wife Mary II, kept the throne in Protestant hands. -English colonists did not display much interest towards converting indigenous people to Protestantism -Church and state were not that closely connected when the British were in North America Explain how mercantilist policies and practices allowed European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Explain the role of European monopoly companies on the development of overseas territories. Economic CAUSES of maritime exploration by European states. Economic EFFECTS of maritime exploration by European states. Portugal made itself into a trading post empire which allowed it to collect revenue from many places. Summarize some of the cultural impacts European colonies and/or trading posts had on local beliefs and practices. Summarize some of the social impacts European colonies and/or trading posts had on local beliefs and practices. Color and annotate this map to illustrate the colonies/trading post empires of the following: Spanish Portuguese Dutch French British In addition, please add routes and DATES for the following: Triangular Trade Voyage of Vasco da Gama Voyage of Magellan/his crew Voyage of Columbus