World History Unit 9 Review

World History Unit 9 Review 9.1 Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900 ● Communication and Transportation Technology ➔ Radio - Eliminated intermediary filter between the speaker and listener (rid of biases and misinformation spread by the media) ➔ Television - Visual and audio technology ➔ Cellular Technology - Ability to communicate was accessible ➔ Social Media Platforms - Democratized communication ➢ Arab Spring - A series of anti-government protests across the Arab world - Documented and published on cell phones and social media ➔ Air Travel - Mass shipment could be quickly transported ● New Energy Technology ➔ Petroleum and Natural Gas (not renewable) ➔ Nuclear Energy (renewable) ● Agricultural Technology ➔ Green Revolution - Scientists created new wheat and grain that yielded more abundant harvests, and were more resistant to pests, through genetic modification. - Increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. ➢ Rise of Commercial Farming - Small farmers were unable to compete with commercial farmers, resulting in the consolidation of small farms into big corporations. ● Medical Technology ➔ Antibiotics - Kills bacterial infections - Penicillin ➔ Vaccines ➔ Birth Control 9.2 Technological Advancements and Limitations ● Diseases Associated with Poverty - Impoverished people live in poor housing conditions, contaminated water, limited access to healthcare ➔ Malaria ➔ Tuberculosis - Impoverished people live in close proximity to each other, facilitating transmissions. ➔ Cholera - Spread through contaminated water. ● Emergence of Global Epidemics ➔ Spanish Flu 1918 - Soldiers returning from World War I infected many with this strain. ➔ HIV/AIDS - Depresses immune system and weakens them to illnesses ➔ Ebola ➔ COVID-19 ● Diseases associated with Longer Lives ➔ Alzheimer’s Disease ➔ Heart Disease 9.3 Debates about the Environment Environmental Issues ➔ Deforestation ➔ Desertification - Fertile soil becomes deserted due to deforestation, drought, and harmful agricultural techniques. ➔ Decline in Air Quality ➢ Great Smog - London 1952 - Coal emissions combined with fog created poisonous smog ➔ Pressure on Fresh Water Supply ➔ Increase in Global Temperature - Chinese people began yearning for more freedom, resulting in the protest at Tiananmen Square. Rise of Knowledge Economies - Knowledge economy~ depends on quality and quantity of information available, which can be monetized as a commodity ➔ Finland - 1990 invested heavily in communication technology and education, which yielded cell phone and software development ➔ Japan - Invested heavily in education - 20th century was a manufacturing economy, and transitioned into a knowledge economy by focusing on banking, finance, and the development of information technology - Asia and Latin America is relied on for manufacturing - Bangladesh and Vietnam pays workers low wages, so it's easier to manufacture there Rise of Transnational Free Trade Organizations and Multinational Corporations - Agreement that eliminates barriers of exchange between them (tariffs, etc.) ● Regional Free Trade Agreements ➔ North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - US, Canada, Mexico - Mexican factories would produce goods and export them without tariffs to the US and Canada. ➔ Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines ● Global Free Trade Agreements ➔ World Trade Organization (WTO) - Reduce barriers to trade in the form of tariffs and quotas Rise of Multinational Corporations - Multinational corporation~ an entity which is incorporated in one country but manufactures and sells goods in other countries - Employ knowledge workers in their own countries, manufacture goods for sale in other countries, and sell goods on a global market ➔ Nestle - Purchase and manufacture low-wage work in West Africa, and sell chocolate to the rest of the world. ➔ Mahindra and Mahindra - Operations in Africa, China, Southeast Asia, US 9.5 Calls for Reform & Responses ● Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 - Articulated basic human rights and seeked to protect people who have been oppressed (women, children, refugees) ➔ UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) - Devoted resources to feed children starving after WWII. ● United Nations First World Conference on Women 1975 - Representatives met to plan the advancement of women over the next decade ● Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979 - Proposed an international bill of rights for women ➔ Provisions for women’s suffrage ➔ The right to marry a spouse of their own choosing ➔ Equality in education ➔ The right to birth control and other family planning measures Cultural Movements ● Negritude Movement - French West Africa - Great poetry and great art emerged that glorified African culture Religious Movements ● Liberation Theology - Latin America - Jesus is on the side of the poor, and is against the rich and powerful - Christianity should free the oppressed from economic, political, and social abuses. Reform ● Apartheid - Segregation of white people and minorities ➔ Nelson Mandela - Leader of African National Congress - Against apartheid and was imprisoned, which sparked criticism against apartheid. - Protests were brutally handled by the white minority, and countries piled sanctions against Africa, contributing to its expulsion from the UN in 1974. ➔ Harlem Renaissance - Black southerners migrated to escape the oppressive south, and produced a body of work, poetry, literature, and music ● Music - Jazz relied on freeform improvisation than strict constructions of traditional music - Technology allowed society to become globalized ➔ Reggae - 20th century originated in Jamaica - Fusion between American jazz and mento ➢ Bob Marley ➔ KPop - Pan-african and korean cultures were being exported ● Movies - Hollywood allowed American culture to influence others around the world. - Americanization~ American culture has been exported throughout the world and has significant influence - Bollywood films ● Sports - Olympics 1896 - World Cup Global Consumerism - Everyone is consuming same goods - Facilitated by online shopping - People were able to facilitate their own cultural artifacts - 9.7 Resistance to Globalization Global North benefited most in terms of prosperity and cultural influence Nations in the South fathered in the 1970s and demanded that correctives be applied to the international economic order. ➔ Battle for Seattle - The World Trade Organization planned a meeting about goals for global commerce and the expansion of free trade. - Some thought the WTO’s labor standards created the occasion for environmental degradation, the disregard of human rights, and the prevention of developing nations protecting themselves from Western Interests. - Protesters showed up to the meeting in 1999 to challenge the idea that free trade was the highest value. ➢ World Social Forum 2001 Embodied ideals of anti-globalizationists that worked to create a more equitable world ➔ International Monetary Fund (IMF)/World Bank - Foster global monetary cooperation to reduce global poverty ➢ 1988 Meeting at West Berlin - Complaint that the World Bank and IMF favored rich countries - Complaints - Globalization created unsustainable strains on the environment - Environmental degradation - Globalization is a threat to national sovereignty ➔ Brexit - The European Union prevented Britain from making political and economic decisions in Britain’s best interests - EU forced them to accept more immigrants than wanted -