Consequences of Industrialization (1750 - 1900)

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750 - 1900) 6.1 Rationales for Imperialism ● Rudyard Kipling : English author of The White Man’s Burden, a poem that encouraged white Westerners to establish colonies to benefit the inferior people of the world, used to justify imperialism , the establishment of overseas empires ● Nationalist Movements for Imperialism ○ After losing control of the American colonies, Britain looked for new lands to colonize. They arrived in New South Wales in 1788. They gradually took control of India with the British East India Company. ○ France’s defeat by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 motivated it to expand overseas ○ Italy and Germany were newly-unified states that wanted to expand for prestige, began in mid 1880s ○ Spain was not largely involved in the second wave of imperialism ○ Japan expressed its nationalism by conquering territories in Korea, which upset China. This led to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895, which Japan won. It also conquered Taiwan. ● Cultural and Religious Motives for Imperialism ○ Phrenologists believed that the smaller skull size of Africans, indigeneous Americans, and Asians proved them to be mentally inferior to Europeans ○ Social Darwinism: Manipulated Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest to argue that the spread of Western power proved the biological superiority of whites ○ British Protestant missionaries convinced colonized people to discard their traditional beliefs ■ Missionaries established religious schools that also prepared people to become teachers, lawyers, and other professionals ■ Improved medical care ■ David Livingstone : Worked in Sub-Saharan Africa to end the illegal slave trade ● Economic Motives for Imperialism ○ Companies of the British, Dutch, and French governments signed treaties with local rulers in India, East Africa, and the East Indies, which allowed them to establish trading posts ○ Industrialization - Desire for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods ○ Other nations wanted to challenge Britain’s economic lead by colonizing territories in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific ● British East India Company ○ The English monarch granted the East India Company a royal charter in 1600 giving it a monopoly on England’s trade with India ○ Drove the Portuguese out of India and traded in cotton, silk, and spices ○ Illegally sold opium to China ● Dutch East India Company ○ Dutch government gave the company a monopoly in trade between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan. Replaced the Portuguese in the Java islands. 6.2 State Expansion ● Imperialism in Africa ○ Europeans gave Africans guns, alcohol, and other manufactured goods in exchange for gold, palm oil, and ivory ○ Europeans began to expand beyond their trading posts in Africa. Quinine , a medicine that treats the tropical disease malaria, helped early explorers ○ Suez Canal : 100-mile long canal that shortened the route to Asia by connecting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea, labor performed by millions of Egyptians under a French company ■ Corvee Laborers : Unpaid workers who were forced to work on projects as taxation ○ Britain took control of Egypt away from the Ottoman Empire ○ British West Africa: Several colonies before the mid-19th century, spread Western culture ■ Sierra Leone : 1787, a home for free people who were previously enslaved ■ Gambia in 1816, used to try and stop the export of enslaved people ■ Lagos 1861, base for the conquest of Nigeria ■ Colonized Ghana in stages. The Gold Coast in 1874, Asante Empire in 1901. ■ Sometimes used diplomacy instead of warfare, in 1873, signed a treaty with King Jaja of Opobo, recognizing him as ruler and agreeing to trade terms favorable to both sides ■ European competition for African states increased warfare ○ France drove out the Ottomans from Algeria in 1830 and established it as a settler colony by 1870 ● The European Scramble for Africa ○ Scramble for Afric : Competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa for natural resources ○ Berlin Conference : Otto von Bismarck of Germany organized the conference for European powers to plan the orderly colonization of Africa, no Africans invited ○ During the Napoleonic Wars, the British replaced the Dutch in the Cape Colony . The Dutch-speaking Afrikaners , descendants of Dutch settlers, conflicted with indigeneous people and the British ■ Boer Wars : 1880-1881, brutal battles between the British and the Afrikaners, British drove the Afrikaners from their lands and forced them into concentration camps , refugee camps segregated by race with poor sanitary conditions, British absorbed colonies into its empire ○ King Leopold II : Lead the Belgian invasion of the Congo in Africa, established the Congo Free State ■ Laborers who could not meet their quotas were beaten or killed, some overworked to death ■ Spouses were held captive so the workers would not flee ● Imperialism in South Asia ○ Portugal, France, and England fought for control of India’s spices and gems ○ French loss to Britain during the Seven Years’ War drove them out of India ○ British East India Company took over the Mughal Empire and eventually all of India, recruited Indian sepoys into their army, the sepoys organized an unsuccessful rebellion in 1857 ● Imperialism in East Asia ○ Europeans carved out spheres of influence in China ● ● ● ● ○ Internal problems such as the Taiping Uprising made China easier to control ○ The Boxer Rebellion : An anti-imperialist group called the Boxers attacked Chinese Christians and Western missionaries, Empress Cixi supported them. Far more Chinese Christians were killed than Westerners. ○ Japan also wanted territory as part of the Meiji Restoration changes. ■ Colonization society : Japan set up colonies in Mexico and Latin America. It established an empire in East Asia that included parts of China and Korea. It encouraged people to take seasonal contract work in Hawaii and Guam to learn about foreign places. Imperialism in Southeast Asia ○ Dutch East India Company took control of the spices in India. Corruption caused it to become bankrupt in 1800, Dutch government took control of the Dutch East Indies . Plantations limited rice production, which hurt Indonesian farmers. Dutch reforms did not help Indonesians. ○ France gained control of Vietnam after defeating China in the Sino-French War. Controlled Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam by the 1890s, which were known as French Indochina . Wanted cash crops such as rubber. ○ The British created the port of Singapore. They also controlled the Malay Peninsula. Malaya produced pepper, tobacco, palm oil, and rubber cash crops. ○ Siam : Only Southeast Asian nation that did not come under European control because of its modernization. Siam industrialized and set up Western-style schools. Australia and New Zealand ○ Australia became New South Wales under British control, produced wool, copper, and gold ○ Britain colonized New Zealand in 1839, made part of New South Wales ■ The Treaty of Waitangi guaranteed the rights of the original Maori people U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific ○ Trail of Tears : Forced the Eastern Woodlands people from the Southeast to a new Indian Territory . Many native Americans died from malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion. ○ Monroe Doctrine : Stated that Europeans should not intervene in the matters of other Western countries ○ U.S. war with Mexico (1845-1848) allowed it to gain territories in the Southwest ○ Manifest Destiny: Americans believed they had a natural right to expand to the Pacific Ocean. Bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. Forced native Americans onto reservations. ○ Overthrew Hawaii’s constitutional monarchy in 1895, but the islands did not become a U.S. territory until 1900. ○ Won the Spanish-American War in 1898 to control Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines ○ 1904 Roosevelt Corollary stated that if Latin American nations were unstable, the U.S. would intervene. They sent troops to the Dominican Republic until it repaid its debts. Russian Expansion ○ Empress Catherine II and her grandson Alexander I expanded Russia by conquering European and Ottoman territories during the 18th and 19th centuries ○ In the 1740s, the Russians sponsored voyages to Alaska, Russian-American company took control of North American territories, sold Alaska to the U.S. in 1867 ○ Great Game: Rivalry between the Russian and British empires as they competed unsuccessfully for dominance in Afghanistan 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion ● Nationalist Movements in the Balkans ○ The Ottoman Empire began to lose dominance over its territories in the Balkan Peninsula . Nationalism unified the ethnic people, who were inspired by the French to fight for independence. ○ Serbia (1815) and Greece (1832) won their independence after long wars. They assisted nations that rebelled against the Ottoman Empire during the last Russo-Turkish War. ○ The Treaty of Berlin freed Bulgaria, Romania, and Montenegro but put Bosnia and Herzegovina under the control of Austria-Hungary ● Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas ○ Proclamation Act of 1763 : British, Reserved the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans, but the United States displaced Native Americans after winning independence ○ The Cherokee nation adopted a constitution similar to that of the U.S. They developed an alphabet for writing their language. They also assimilated to white settler culture, learning colonial techniques in farming, weaving, and building. ■ Discovery of gold in 1829 on Cherokee land Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced to relocate to modern-day Oklahoma ○ Ghost Dance : In the U.S., prophet-dreamers declared that the dead would come back and drive out the colonizers, returning the Native American lands and traditions. The rituals of song and dance sought to make this event occur sooner. Reached the Sioux, who wore ghost shirts and initiated revolts. ○ Tupac Amaru II : Identified with his Incan heritage during Spanish rule, arrested and executed a colonial administrator in 1780 for cruelty, which sparked the last general Indian revolt against Spain. Tupac Amaru and his family were captured in 1781, and he had to watch his family’s torture and execution before his own. ○ In 1863 a group of Mexicans worked with Emperor Napoleon III of France to overthrow the government of Benito Juarez. He made a European noble, Archduke Maximilian, the emperor of Mexico. After three years, Mexicans drove the French out of Mexico, and the Archduke was assassinated. Juarez continued to govern. ● South Asian Movements ○ Sepoys : Indian Muslim and Hindu soldiers that composed the majority of the British Army. ○ Indian Rebellion of 1857 : British greased rifles with the fat of cows and pigs, which offended the Muslims and Hindus. They organized a violent uprising throughout Northern India. The British suppressed the rebellion. Mark of Indian nationalism. ○ Britain exiled the Mughal Emperor and ended the Empire. ○ The British Raj colonial government ruled India with orders from the government in London ○ Indian National Congress : Established by British-educated Indians, used to voice grievances and later called for independence ● Southeast Asian Resistance ○ The Vietnamese under Emperor Ham Nghi and Phan Dinh Phung resisted French rule ○ Jose Rizal of the Philippines studied in Europe and started the Philippine League reform movement in 1892. Although the League was loyal to Spain, the Spanish arrested and executed Rizal, shocking many Filipinos. ○ The Philippine Revolution ’s revolts led to the Spanish-American War in 1898. After the Americans won, the Treaty of Paris simply transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States. ○ Philippine-American War : Hostilities between the U.S. and the Philippines, U.S. victory thousands of Filipino soldiers killed and thousands of Americans died from disease ● Resistance in Australia and New Zealand ○ The Aboriginals , natives of Australia fought the British to defend their territory and resources ○ Under the Treaty of Waitangi , the British promised to protect the property rights of the Maori New Zealand. The Maori worried about British settlement patterns and started the Maori Wars of the 19th century. Britain kept control. ● African Resistance ○ Pan-Africanism : Shared nationalism among Africans post-WWI ○ Sokoto Caliphate : A group of Muslims led by Usman dan Fodio that started a movement to pur Islam of African religious practices, established the slave trade while the British tried to stop it. ○ The Xhosa people in the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement killed their cattle and destroyed thei crops, hoping that spirits would remove British settlers from their lands. The result was famine. ○ Anglo-Zulu War : Between the Zulu Kingdom , a centralized state of South Africa, and Britain, 1870s. The British defeated the Zulus and conquered their territory. ○ Samory Toure : Mande chieftain who established a powerful kingdom in Guinea and resisted French attempts to annex West Africa. ○ Mahdist Revolt: Muhammed Ahmad of Sudan promised to restore the glory of Islam, formed a army to fight against Egypt and Britain. The revolt prospered until Ahmad’s death in 1885. ○ Yaa Asantewaa of the Asante Empire led a revolt against the British, who wanted control of the Golden Stool. 6.4 Global Economic Development ● Technological Developments ○ Railroads : Advanced transportation technology, more efficient than water and roads, used by Europeans to justify imperialism as helpful to Asians and Africans. ■ Extracted resources from subject lands while paying colonial laborers low wages ○ Cecil Rhodes : Invested in a railroad project from Cape Town to Cairo to make governance easier ○ Steamships : Transported people and goods on rivers such as the Ganges in South Asia and the Congo in Africa, could travel longer distances after 1870 ○ Telegraph : Invented in 1832, communication devices allowed news to travel quickly. In 1866 the first permanent transatlantic cable was built between the U.S. and England. ● Agricultural Products ○ Asians and Africans practiced subsistence farming , or producing enough food for their families, before European arrival ○ Cash crop : Grown for sale and profit - tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, and coffee ○ European middle classes demanded meat ■ Cattle ranches in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay - beef ■ Sheep herders in Australia and New Zealand - lamb and mutton ○ Guano : Used as a natural fertilizer ● Raw Materials ○ Export Economies : Colonies turned into these because of the European demand for raw materials ○ Britain banned Indian cotton textiles in 1721 to minimize competition with their own cotton industry, produced cotton in the American colonies ○ During the 19th century, when Americans cut off Britain’s supply of cotton, Egypt benefited by exporting their various developed cotton ○ Rubber was extracted from the Amazon rainforest of South America. In